Contents
Four - GRAVITY
Every phase of evolution commences
by there being an unstable state of contending forces,
and proceeds through organization to equilibrium.
Equilibrium having been achieved,
no further development is possible
without once more upsetting the stability
and passing through a phase of contending forces.
KabbalahThe above quotation comes from a system of learning that is at least 3,200 years old. It was meant to apply to everything, the larger universe, the galaxy, the solar system, the ecosystem of earth, mankind, corporations, governments, religions, ideas, etc. It certainly applies to the laws of the universe. The universe is something that is happening because its forces are unbalanced.
Were its forces not unbalanced, the universe would not exist. And that is why there is gravity. Gravity has been, is, and will be caused, for a long time at least, due to an imbalance. This imbalance, which we perceive as gravity, is the prime force that causes all other forces and all other energies in the universe. When the imbalance that we call gravity ceases, or even when the imbalance is appreciably lessened, the universe as we know it will cease to exist.
Relativity and Centrifugal Force Back
According to Einstein's autobiographical notes, when he was working on his special theory of relativity, he was strongly influenced by the work of James Clerk Maxwell and had been attempting to discover how light could travel as a wave. To proponents of a particle theory for light, the Michelson-Morley experiment proved that no form of ether existed.
Einstein was not interested in debating for either wave theory or particle theory. He proposed relativity based upon the evidence to date and let the chips fall as would. However, it is interesting to note that his second postulate allows wave theory to dominate.
Most of the relativistic equations which followed are correct even when regarded in light of the existence of nether (which does not conform to the supposed limitations of the old ether theory). However, there is at least one objection to relativistic thinking which has never been properly resolved.
According to relativity, all motion is relative. There is no such thing as absolute rest where nothing is moving and according a static, absolute frame of reference. In other words, an absolute frame of reference does not exist. However, if there is no absolute frame of reference, why does centrifugal force exist?
Centrifugal force is merely another name for inertia. When something is moving at any given velocity, and it is forced to turn, its inertia pulls against the force that wishes to turn it. This is illustrated when one ties an object on one end of a string and then swings it around in a vertical plane so that it seemingly defies gravity. It is also illustrated in the orbits of our planets which, due to this inertial force, do not fall into the sun.
If all velocity is relative, then why does the liquid in a glass stay level when it is at rest relative to the glass, and yet climb up the side of the glass when stirred vigorously? If the liquid is actually existing in a universe with only relative velocity between objects, then it should not be rotating within a stationary universe any more than it should be stationary within a rotating universe. Pure relativity would mean an absence of centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is caused by inertia. The fact that the liquid is subject to centrifugal force indicates the existence of an absolute frame of reference, and this means that the theory of special relativity is flawed.
There is a theory proposing that the matter in the universe, with its gravity, causes inertia and that there is no frame of reference, but this theory is merely a way of using buzz words to explain a phenomenon. In fact, it negates itself by providing its own frame of reference. And there have been other objections to the special theory of relativity.
Before Einstein died, he was still working on a theory explaining how light moved through the "fabric of space" in a manner portrayed by a type of math call tensor analysis. The "space" through which light moves is merely another name for what I call nether. This indicates to me that he had doubts about the validity of either a particle or a duality theory for light. Apparently, he still felt that wave theory was correct.
Newton is credited with discovering the fact that the earth pulls things toward it. He called the pulling force "gravity," and he went on to describe the law by which it works: the force of gravity varies between two bodies directly with their masses and inversely with the square of the distance between them. This is often called the inverse square law. Technically it depends upon each body having its mass located at an infinitely small point, and that makes it wrong. Practically, however, it works very well, especially when working with celestial bodies which are always quite far from one another.
Now it might be interesting to see what happens when we examine the inward (downward) vector of the nether more thoroughly. A planet like ours would have nether moving downward toward the planet's surface at a high velocity. The core of the earth, much more dense than the mantel, all of the material intervening between the core and the mantel, and the mantel itself, would be pulling nether downward. The nether would be moving slower when farther from the earth, and faster as it drew closer. The inverse square law, the same Newton's law that describes gravity (and also the modern updated version of this law), should describe the amount of nether per second that moves inward or downward, provided one uses the correct assumptions and mathematics along with this law. Unfortunately, not very many people can find the correct assumptions and math. At least not very many appear to have done so.
If you consider the path from space to the earth to be a funnel that grows smaller the closer it is from the earth's center, you can see that the funnel top seemingly reaches infinity and then draws nether from it. The nether approaching along this funnel from infinity continually arrives at parts of the funnel which grow smaller until the nether reaches the earth's surface which is the smallest cross-section practical for the funnel. When anything moves through a funnel, the smaller the funnel cross-section, the greater the velocity of that which moves through it. You could also think of a river that flows slowly where it is wide and swiftly where it is narrow.
In the case of a gravity funnel such as our planet, any theoretical sphere with the earth at the center has a surface area which acts as a cross-section for the gravity funnel at that point. Think of a series of spheres nesting inside an outermost sphere with the earth inside them all, each acting as a cross-section of the gravity funnel. Since each cross-section (sphere) of a group of vorticles (planet for instance) must pass the same mass of nether as every other cross-section, a sphere with an area that is half that of another must pass twice the volume of nether per second if the density is the same for both spheres.
However, the actual case appears to be very different to what might be supposed. The constant constriction of the funnel as it nears earth means that the nether is constantly increasing in velocity, but nether is compressible and has inertia plus the force of the pressure imbalance. This means that it can compress as the funnel cross-section constricts while expanding slightly in the dimension it is moving. This, in turn, lessens its increasing velocity.
You might think of this phenomenon as if the elements of nether in the funnel are horses which are being driven to enter a pasture through a gate, all at the same time. Their drive and momentum keep them moving and the only way they can get through is to compress. As the nether flows downward from overhead, its pressure forces it to compress in the horizontal plane, so that its compression is proportional to 1/r2 when "r" equals its distance from the center of the earth. Like the horses, its elements are all moving at the same rate and none of them wishes to speed up or slow down relative to the others. There is the "desire" to continue at the same relative speed.
Yet, there is a force causing them to shift slightly from their resolve so that the nether expands vertically proportional to the
square root of r (which is r 1/2). The compression and expansion
together are proportional to r -3/2.
r -2 r 1/2 = r -3/2
Velocity is proportional to 1/square root of r
(or r -1/2). So the product of Mass and velocity, momentum, is proportional
to r -2 which is the same as 1/r 2.
r -3/2 r -1/2 = r -2Increasing velocity is the definition of acceleration. Gravity is considered to be at least the first cousin of acceleration. Einstein proved that gravity and acceleration are identical in their effects. Gravity is a form of acceleration according to the inverse square law. Nether accelerates toward earth, the Mass of nether moving through any theoretical sphere which acts as a cross-section of our gravity funnel. In fact, the Mass of nether accelerates according to the mass of the pulling body and the inverse square of the distance from it.
Scientists have long known that light traveling from distant galaxies is bent by gravity from the celestial bodies it passes. A celestial body that bends light uses its gravity to form a lens for the light much in the same way that a refracting telescope bends light with its glass lens. Nether does exactly this according to the same known equations, as it moves into the celestial body. Light is like a swimmer in a river, bending its course as the current directs it to do.
In fact, there is no known thing about the behavior of gravity that does not apply precisely to nether flowing into a mass. Might it not be worthwhile to consider the possibility that gravity is merely another name for the earth "pulling in" the nether?
Nether - Nether in a Gravity Funnel Back If nether moving into vorticles is the cause of gravity, then we might postulate a term for nether mass or primal mass. Let nether mass be called Mass, or M, as opposed to mass, or m, as is the case with conventional mass. What scientists today call mass (designated here as "m") might then be equal to the amount of Mass, M, moving into the vorticle or vorticles within a given unit of time.
Or: m = M/t.The density of nether, is actually the amount of Mass found in a volume of truly empty space (something we do not have in our universe), or in dimensional terms, "M/ddd". Since we are dealing with the fabric of space itself, and this fabric has a density which varies, we cannot consider "M" to be "ddd". We can define a standard Mass for nether called "N" which is equal to Mass of nether at the density found at sea level on earth in a tiny volume of what may be termed absolute or mathematical space. If we consider nether to have a unit called "N", then dimensionally N = M/ddd. Since we have defined this standard, we can make the scalar unit or quantity of N such that N = 1. Since M varies at different places in space and in time, we can make it equal to 1 when we are speaking of it at sea level on earth in modern times.
For any two bodies with the same amount of nether flowing into them, the one with the smallest diameter will have the greatest acceleration of the nether at the surface due to the greater difference in spherical area at the different distances from the surfaces of the the two bodies. It is acceleration of the nether rather than amount of nether flowing inward that is the cause of gravity.
We measure mass by gravitational attraction, but do so based upon how a body "attracts" another body. This is measured far away from a body's surface, so total flow of nether inward is a valid measure of the mass of a body or object.
The postulated nether is the fabric of space itself. It is the medium through which electromagnetic radiation is transmitted. It flows into anything that we call mass. It is much like an ocean transmitting sound waves, always in motion, and flowing in many ways. Every piece of what we call matter is a whirlpool in this ocean.
But the nether is different from the ocean in at least one regard. The whirlpools that are the things that move through it, coast along once given a velocity. This means that once the nether is arranged in a flow pattern, it stays that way practically forever. The only change it is concerned with is acceleration. The reason the nether reacts against acceleration has to do with pressure changes within it, which it resists strongly. This means that it is frictionless. It is a non-particulate, frictionless fluid.
Nether is the cause of Brownian motion in small particles; movement within it, in some small way, alters the movement of things nearby or in the path of the movement. In short, it is a seething sea of energy that is never still. In fact, if it were ever to be still, the universe would cease to exist.
Although the nature of an electromagnetic wave (light wave) has not yet been dicussed, let us assume that it is a wave where regions of higher pressure move to regions of lower pressure. So the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) is caused by the reaction speed of the nether in a wave moving outward from a source.
If this is the case, it implies that removal of inflowing nether from the center of a vorticle would result in a vacuum devoid of nether and maximum acceleration of nether into the center that could not exceed the speed of light. This inward flow would be limited to lightspeed due to the inertia of the nether preventing its being accelerated at a faster rate, a fact which seems to be ascertained by the nature of lightspeed itself.
Assuming that nothing impeded the inward flow at the center of a vorticle, the nether at this point might be accelerated to a speed of 186,000 miles per second (the speed of light in a vacuum), but no faster.
The inner vacuum (with the pressure from outside) is the force that attempts to accelerate the nether inward. Inertia is the force that limits the acceleration of the nether. This means that the acceleration of the nether toward the center is reduced due to inertia. This is what prevents the nether from reacting with an acceleration greater than the speed of light. In a single, abrupt acceleration such as that from the vacuum at the electron center, nether reaches lightspeed. The highest velocity of the inward-moving nether would be that at the vortex center and would not exceed lightspeed. To be precise, this should occur at the "edge" of the center of each vorticle.
This is an approximation of what would happen which will suffice for now.
A celestial body, such as a moon, a planet, or a sun, is composed of a large group of vorticles.
Celestial Bodies and Gravity Back
The inward flow for a single vorticle would be limited in acceleration by the inertia of the nether at whatever distance from the center and limited at the center by the speed of light, just as would the acceleration of the nether. The inward flow (the product of nether mass and velocity) would be proportional to the acceleration (gravity). In this case, the inward flow of the nether could never accelerate (increase in velocity) enough to exceed the speed of light. However, this is not to say that the velocity of the nether could never exceed the speed of light.
A group of vorticles, such as is the earth, would pull in the nether at a rate caused by all of them being combined. The number of vorticles in the group would be measured in volume by a cubed function of the radius of the group because they would form essentially what is a spherical body and the volume of a sphere is 4/3 times pi times the radius cubed.
The gravity of such a group would be based upon their combined "force" which would still limit the gravity at the center of each vorticle to an acceleration equal to lightspeed, but would cause the inward flow at points away from the center of the group to be considerably greater than what would have been the case for a single vorticle. So that acceleration or gravity would increase according to the mass of the celestial body. The total inward velocity of the nether for such a body could actually exceed lightspeed as will be shown later.
Another way of saying this is that the combined outside area of all of the vorticles in a group would exceed the area of the sphere in which they were enclosed. This means that a very large mass of vorticles in a small volume of space could cause the nether to move inward at a speed above lightspeed and light could not escape from it. This would be the nature of what is called a black hole.
A simple example of this principle would be a simple universe in which the speed of light would be only 15 miles per second. In this simple universe we have only one type of vorticle, called a "ball" which has a diameter of two feet and an "active center" with a diameter of 2 inches. At the outside of the active center of the ball the nether moves in at lightspeed, 15 miles per second, which is the same as 79,200 feet per second. There is no nether compression in this example universe.
The "active center" of the ball has a radius of 1 inch which is the distance from the "exact center," (a dimensionless point in space). The outside of the ball has a radius of 12 inches from the exact center. So the outside of the ball is 12 times as far from the exact center as is the outside of the active center. Using the inverse square law, the velocity of the nether at the outside of the ball is equal to 79,200 divided by 12 squared, or 550 feet/second. The outside area of the ball would be (4pi)(1)(1) or 12.56637061 square feet. The volume of nether coming in would be (4pi)(550) or 6,911.503838 cubic feet/second.
If we move to a distance that is 2000 feet from the exact center of the ball, the velocity of the nether would be:
79,200/ [(2000)(2000)(12)(12)] = .0001375 ft/sec.But now let us look at a sphere made of 8,000,000,000,000 balls which would have a radius of 2,000 feet if the balls are loosely packed. Each ball would have an inward flow of 6,911.503838 cubic feet/second, but their combined inward flow would be that times 8,000,000,000,000 or 55,292,030,700,000,000 cubic feet/second. At 2,000 feet from the exact center of the sphere, the nether would be flowing in with the same number of cubic feet/second divided by [(2000)(2000)(pi)(4)], which gives us the velocity of the inward flow which is 1,100,000,000 feet/second. In miles per second, the velocity of the nether would be about 208,333 which is well above the 15 miles per second which is the speed of light for this example universe. Light would not escape. And this is how a black hole works.
To achieve an exact velocity for the nether of lightspeed (79,200 feet/second) at a radius of 2,000 feet:
1. 4pi(2,000)(2,000) = 50,265,482.46. This is the number of square feet in a sphere with a radius of 2,000 feet.
2. (50,265,482.46 )(79,200) = 3,981,026,200,000 This is the cubic feet per second of nether that is needed to flow inward.
3. 3,981,026,200,000/6,911.503838 = 576,000,000 This is the number of balls required for the velocity to be lightspeed at a radius of 2,000 feet.
In this simple universe, a number of balls in excess of 576,000,000 will cause an inward velocity of the nether that exceeds lightspeed at a radius of 2,000 feet. If we choose a lesser radius, lightspeed of the nether can been attained with less than 576,000,000 balls.
It should be emphasized that higher velocities than lightspeed can be achieved by the nether, but higher accelerations than lightspeed cannot be achieved.
To elaborate upon this point and to explain it in another way:
1. In a group of vorticles, the combined areas of their outsides at which the nether enters at a substantial percentage of lightspeed, is larger than the area of the common sphere which encloses them as a group.
2. The nether would then enter each of them at its usual speed while creating a greater vacuum for nether to come in from outside of their common sphere (the mass of the vorticles).
3. Depending upon the total number of vorticles, it is possible that if the vorticles came together to form a common sphere suddenly, the nether from just outside the sphere would initially be accelerated to lightspeed and, in time, might have a velocity exceeding lightspeed.
4. The velocity of the incoming nether would decrease with distance from the center of the common sphere, eventually becoming less than lightspeed.
5. However, the acceleration of the nether would never exceed lightspeed and would always be a result of two forces: (a) the pressure of the nether pushing into the group of vorticles, and (b) the inertia of the nether slowing its rush into the group of vorticles. The inward force or mass would vary with the mass of the vorticles involved, the more mass, the greater the acceleration.
Remember that the velocity of an object or an increment of nether can increase to any value relative to some other object or increment including multiples of lightspeed, but it does so gradually rather than suddenly as the result of acceleration which never exceeds 186,000 miles/second/second. And it does this due to a larger "pump" (that of the vacuum inside many vorticles combined) than that of a single vorticle.
Remember that the mass of nether passing through any imaginary sphere above a group of vorticles (planet) can never exceed the mass of nether moving into the group of vorticles below (inside) it.
Also remember that the mass of nether passing into a vorticle in any period of time is limited.
In the examples used, the "loose packing" of vorticles is very, very tight as compared to actual cases, and even inside black holes the vorticles are widely separated from one another.
This has been only a brief overview. There is much more to be told. Book two of this series is devoted extensively to gravity.
It is a descending stream of pure activity
which is the dynamic force of the universe.
KabbalahContents - Book Two - Gravity