Contents
Three - SENDING THE ENERGY
"And just as I'd taken the highest tree in the wood," continued
the pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek,"and just as I was thinking
I should be free from them at last, they must needs come wriggling
down from the sky! Ugh! Serpent!"
Lewis Carroll
Most of the ancient cultures used the symbol of the serpent or the dragon for electromagnetic energy which they believed to exist in all of space. The undulating motion of a light wave certainly resembles the movement of a snake. Perhaps Carroll was thinking of this when he wrote the above segment of Alice in Wonderland.
When Planck derived his constant, other scientists began to use it in their calculations. Wilhelm Hallwachs and Heinrich R. Hertz discovered that light waves sent at an angle to a metal surface can eject electrons from the metal. The velocities of the ejected electrons were proportional to the frequency of the incident light rather than the intensity of the light. It was the number of ejected electrons which was proportional to the intensity of the light. Einstein proposed the theory that this phenomenon, in which light appears to be concentrated in packages of "hf ", means that each package can be absorbed only as a whole by an individual electron, so that the receiving electron is given an additional kinetic energy of "hf ".[Frequency, " f ", is the number of waves per second. Nature almost never sends electromagnetic waves out at intervals of exactly one second. So "hf " as a package is very misleading. It should have been stated that kinetic energy is "h/t" times the number of waves in nature's package. "h/t" is the true energy for the wave while "h" is not. This has been a problem because it causes confusion among physicists. Very probably, this confused way of stating the nature of this energy was not Einstein's. Einstein has often been misquoted. In any case, the damage was done.]
In 1923, Arthur C. Compton showed that X-rays scattered from matter have an equation that can also be derived by postulating photons with a momentum of "hf/c", where "c" is the speed of light.
Energy has the usual units of "mv2" and "mad", where "m" is mass, "a" is acceleration, "d/t" is distance/time and equals "v" which is velocity, and "f " is frequency which equals "n/t" which is number of events per second. Therefore, dimensionally,
hf = h(n/t) = mv2n .
"n" is simply an integer. "n/t" is the frequency. So "h" has units of "mvd". Photons have an energy of "mv2" and a momentum of "mv" in basic units of mass, velocity, distance, and time.
The electron hole brings nether into the 4th dimension. The nether forms a vortex as it enters the hole on the side called its "mouth". This hole appears as a circle in our three-dimensional space and, speaking geometrically, is in a plane which will be called the "plane of the hole". The mouth of the hole can point in any direction found within our three-dimensionsal space because it is hole into a dimension that is at 90 degrees to each and all of our three spatial dimensions.
A straight line drawn from the electron center through a point outside is called a "radial".
A line that is perpendicular to the radial and in the same plane as the electron hole is called a tangent.
The electron is a tiny gravity funnel. However, at the level of the electron, gravity is very small in proportion to the other forces. The vortex called the electron is composed of an inward nether flow which is, at any point, 45 degrees from a radial drawn through that point. This inward nether flow is what has been termed "charge". The inward radial vector of this flow is termed "micro-gravity". The tangential vector of this flow is the cause of electromagnetic radiation.
The flow into a micro-gravity funnel is composed of elements of nether coming from an infinite distance to the hole where they turn 90 degrees into the 4th dimension. Unlike a nether element in a gravity funnel, these elements do not compress as they approach the electron center. unless the electron is not creating a lightwave. When the electron is relatively still, each element begins widely expanded and compresses slightly as it approaches the hole. It is like a long strand that is infinitely small in its cross-section near the hole and quite large at a far distance from the hole. It is actually an element of nether flow into the hole and moves inward slowly when far away and at the speed of light near the hole. So, as it nears the hole it compresses slightly in its two tangential directions and expands in its radial direction. It does not exist except as a means of helping the mind to understand the behavior of the nether moving toward and into the hole. There are an infinite number of these elements moving toward and into the hole all the time. They are analogous to drops of water in an ocean in that they are part of the nether ocean, but have no boundary to maintain their integrity as a separate unit.
Often, people wonder why these elements of nether moving into the holes of subatomic entities do not empty our space of nether. They are doing so. However, each electron hole has a radius that is about 10 -57 meter. According to most textbooks on physics, the radius of a typical atomic nucleus is approximately 10 -15 meter, and the radius of a typical atom is approximately 10 -10 meter. This leaves an ocean of nether between the electron holes in a typical atom that is 10 47 times as large as the radius of the electron hole. The distances between atoms is even greater than the distances within atoms.
Therefore, the electron resides in a sea of nether in which it and the nearest neighboring electrons, protons, and neutrons in a typical atom have approximately
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times more of this ocean of nether between them proportionately than is between our sun and its nearest neighbor in our galaxy. There is much more danger of us losing nether pressure too quickly from our accelerating expansion of the universe than from what little leaks out through the holes.
The force of micro-gravity (gravity of the single electron) is very small as is that of the single proton and the single neutron. The other forces at this level are also small but greater than the force of micro-gravity. However, when large groups of subatomic entities come together as is the case with a planet or sun, their gravities unite into a very large force while the other forces oppose one another and average out to essentially zero.
Rotation, Revolution, and Precession Back
Light is caused by vibrating electrons. A single natural photon, one that is not limited by our one-second rule, is the result of multiple comings and goings of one electron. First the electron moves in one direction. Then it reverses itself to move in the opposite direction. It reverses itself again and continues to do so until it has lost the energy that initially prompted it to move. At the end of each of its little journeys back and forth, it rotates to point its mouth in the new direction of travel.
Electrons move in the direction that their mouths are pointed. If aimed in a different direction, they turn their mouths toward the new direction of travel. Usually, their mouths pull them along because of the inertia of the incoming nether. It is more energy efficient to move in the average direction of the incoming nether.
Rotation refers to the aiming of its mouth in a different direction. This will usually be a rotation that is 180 degrees that occurs when the mouth reverses its direction at the turn-around point within a light-producing vibration.
Revolution refers to the circular movement of the vortex. Each revolution of the incoming nether is one 360 degree turn around the electron center.
The nether is revolving inward at the speed of light at the Schwartzschild radius for the electron.
Black Holes - The Schwarzschild Radius
A transparent vortex and its salient features are very difficult to portray on a two-dimensional piece of paper or on a computer screen. The only way to see it is with the mind's eye. To accomplish this, a viewing orientation is necessary. So, let us assume that the electron is moving upward with its mouth on top.
If one were to view the electron from the "front" (the top) as it moves, the revolutions would appear to be clockwise, according to convention. When the electron rotates to move in the opposite direction, one would be viewing it from the "rear". From the rear, the revolutions appear to be counter-clockwise. Viewed from the side, as most of the incoming nether would "see" it, the incoming nether would be first moving to the left. When the electron rotates, the new direction would be to the right.
The electron rotation at this turn-around point causes the incoming nether to reverse the direction of its revolution. So the nether would be moving first along a tangential vector to the left at the speed of light. During the rotation, this vector reverses itself so that the nether is moving along the same tangential vector which now is pointed to the right.
The rotation occurs, in all cases, within a span of time that we have labeled "ts" - which is approximately 4.12702x10-22 second. This is a fraction of a second that looks about like this:
4/10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 second
which is a very short time for us, but a very long time for an electron.
Within this span of time, at the electron Schwartzschild radius, there have been 1.4554x1043 revolutions of the incoming nether. This number looks like this:
14,554,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
which seems very large to us, and yet is quite small for the electron.
Bear in mind, the circumference of the electron at this radius is very small and something moving at the speed of light can go around it this many times in the span of time we call "ts".
During the rotation, the electron mouth is acting like a gyroscope, its mouth direction describing a circle - much like a spinning top which is leaning over but not falling very rapidly. There is precession as is the case with any gyroscope, and there is a slowing of the rotation because of the gyroscopic tendency to remain pointed in one direction. It is this slowing of the rotation due to gyroscopic action that causes the electron to take so long to fully reverse direction.
The many revolutions of nether during a rotation are actually one length, "s", of each of the elements of nether which are entering the electron at the Schwartzschild radius. The length we call "s" begins as the electron starts to rotate and ends when the rotation is complete. It is one length because the vortex is composed of a spiral in which all of the coils are connected. The spiral is pointed inward at 45 degrees and is moving at a velocity of "(2 1/2)c". But the tangential vector, which is the cause of each light half-wave, has a velocity with a magnitude of "c", the speed of light.
The Schwartzschild radius is the radius at which the magnitude of the inward radial velocity is "c". A vortex has an inward radial velocity vector that is equal to the tangential velocity vector at any particular point. Therefore, at the Schwartzschild radius the magnitude of the tangential velocity vector also is "c". It is best to measure one coil of "s" at the Schwartzschild radius because the velocity of the tangential vector is known there and the length of one tangential vector of a coil of a nether element will be equal to "(2pi)rs" where "rs" is the Schwartzschild radius (1.352956x10 -57 meter).
During the rotation, the sideward vector of the incoming nether (the vector one sees when looking at one side with the mouth pointed upward), moves from the left in a clockwise rotation until it points to the right. The incoming nether that was moving to the left must follow this path so that its sideward velocity (the vector that is sideward only) first has a magnitude of lightspeed aimed to the left. This magnitude is reduced to zero as the nether motion turns upward, and is gradually re-established at lightspeed but to the right. This shifting from left to right causes an "acceleration" which varies as a part of a sine wave but averages to be "2c/ts".
[The "zero point" where the vector points upward is what I call the "centerline".]
The shifting also causes an acceleration wave to move outward from the electron that is the light half-wave. This wave moves outward in an expanding circle about the electron. It travels outward at the speed of light and moves the nether from clockwise revolutions (as viewed from the electron front) to counterclockwise revolutions.
An acceleration of "2c/ts" seems to be an impossibility. If it were a true acceleration it would be impossible. However, it is not a sudden change in velocity. Instead, the velocity remains constant at the radius and is re-directed a little bit at a time as the electron rotates. It is not the same nether that is being accelerated, but a new length of nether with each small re-direction, that has a slightly different vector (direction) than the one before it and the one after it. If you were to take a garden hose and aim its stream of water in one direction and then turn it slowly so that the stream went in the opposite direction, you would not be causing any water to be accelerated from the first direction to the second. It would be different water moving in each direction. In the case of the electron, it is taking in water like the garden hose working in reverse, but the principle of different water still applies.
The acceleration "2c/ts" is approximately 1.4528x1030 meters/second2.
Perhaps it still appears that this sideward "acceleration" is too great. If so, a further examination is advisable. The circumference at the Schwartzschild radius is "(2pi)rs" which is about 8.5x10 -57 meter. From my research with flutes, it appears that a minimum of half of this circumference is the distance that is traversed with each revolution at speed "c". This is a distance of 4.25x10 -57 meter. Dividing "c" by this distance, we have 7.053882x1064 revolutions, and multiplying this by "ts/t" we have 2.860378x1043 revolutions in time ts.
If we use the number of nether revolutions "n" entering at radius "rs" in this time we have about 1.43x1043. The distance that one element of nether would be shifted along the half-circumference in the time for one revolution is 4.25x10 -57/1.43x1043. This is about 2.97x10-100 meter in time "ts/n". The velocity of shift is about 1.05x10-35 meter/second. This is rather slow when compared to the speed of light around the circumference.
The photon, the wave, and the half-wave of light are constant regardless of their distances from the light source. This is an experimental fact. The energy from a half-wave is the same for all frequencies of electromagnetic energy. However, the half-wave productions are separated by periods of electron travel. If the time period of electron travel between half-wave productions (electron rotations) is long, the light wavelength will be long and the frequency will be low. If the time period of electron travel between half-wave productions is short, the light wavelength will be short and the frequency will be high.
Hallwachs and Hertz discovered that the energy of the limited photon (the photon of one second - which is a man-made creation) is "hf " where "h" is Planck's constant and "f " is frequency. This is the energy of the photon. The energy of the wave is "h/t", because when "f " is "1", it equals "1/t". The half-wave energy is "h/2t". This is the product of force and distance over which the force operates, "Fd".
F = ma
where "m" is mass and "a" is acceleration.
So for the half-wave and a frequency of one,
E = Fd = mad = hf/2 = h(1/t)/2 = h/2t for the light half-wave.
In the case of the rotating electron, the electron "rest mass" is "M/t" or "m", and the mass that passes into the electron during the time of rotation is "m(ts/t)" which may be called "ms". This is not the one-second flow-rate of nether into the electron center that constitutes electron mass. Instead it is a tiny fraction of that one-second flow rate; "m(ts/t)" is the mass that will be used in the equation for the energy of a light half-wave.
The change in incoming velocity at the Schwartzschild radius (the apparent acceleration) is "2c/ts", caused by the shifting sideward nether vector previously explained, and the distance is a length termed "d" which is half of "s", the distance over which the acceleration manifests. The change manifests relatively slowly and in increments over the length "s" of incoming nether that forms coils just outside the radius "rs". The distance "d" equals only half of "s" because the first part of the inflow during time "ts", is moving zero distance before entering the radius rs and the last to enter is moving the full distance "s". The average for all of the lengths of "s" is "s/2" which is also the length of the distance that creates the energy and momentum that are the light half-wave.
In other words, the coils are elements of nether. Each element extends outward in a spiral from the electron and is being pulled into it. Each spiral revolution of an element is connected to every other spiral revolution of the same element. The easiest place to measure the length of each revolution is at radius "rs". So the length "s" is the length of incoming nether in each element during time "ts". This total length is part of a measure of Mass that aids in effecting the change that is the outward-moving light half-wave.
The total length of the coils (revolutions) that is termed "s" is the length of nether inflow that occurs while the electron is rotating and during which the "acceleration" "2c/ts" is occurring along its length - but not before and not after its length along each nether element. The total length "s" becomes a two dimensional entity because its total forms a width of coils in addition to the the length of the circumference at "rs". At each of these revolutions, the total "s", has an added dimension formed by "m(ts)" which is "M(ts/t)". This added dimension is the total of all the elements that move into the boundary formed at radius "rs" in time "ts".
At the electron Schwartzschild radius, the sideward velocity vector of the nether, moves from "c" to the left to "c" to the right during one electron rotation, for a total change in velocity that is "2c". Relative to an element of nether at the beginning of the rotation, the velocity is zero and accelerates to "2c". Relative to the "centerline" where the vector that is "c" points upward, the difference is "c".
The tangential velocity of the nether during the rotation at radius "rs" is "c". The apparent distance traveled at this average velocity during the time of the rotation would be "cts" which is "s". "s" is also equal to "n(2pi)rs" where "n" is the number of revolutions of incoming nether in time "ts".
At the electron Schwartzschild radius:
ts/t is a dimensionless fraction we can use to calculate ms, when "t" is one second.
Electron mass = m = M/t,
mass in time ts is ms.
ms = (M/t)(ts/t) = m(ts/t)
acceleration = 2c/ts
d = s/2 = n(2pi)rs/2 = cts/2
half-wave energy is
hf/2 = h(1/t)/2 = h/2t
h/(2t) = mad which is energy.
h/(2t) = [m(ts/t)](2c/ts)(cts/2)
h/(2t) = m(ts/t)c2
or
h/(2t) = m(ts/t)c2
which is energy.
h = 2m(ts/t)c2
or
h = 2m(ts/t)c2
ts = ht/2mc2
ts = 4.12702x10-22
Using the initial equation for the half-wave energy
h/(2t) = [m(ts/t)](2c/ts)(cts/2)
h/(2t) = [m(ts/t)](2c/ts)d
h/(2t) = [m/t)](2c)d
h = m(4c)d
Solving for d:
d = h/4mc
Solving for d
d = h/(4mc)
d = 6.1862x10-14 meter.
2d = (2pi)rsn
n = 2d/[(2pi)rs] = d/[(pi)rs]
n = 1.4554x10 43 revolutions
Going back to the energy equation:
h/(2t) = m(2c)d,
we can solve for energy
h/(2t) = m(2c)d = 3.37885x10 -35
If we double this value, we have Planck's constant.
h = 6.757704x10 -35 meter kilogram second Using kilogram as a unit of force.
The half-wave energy and momentum are each formed from two mirror images. From the viewpoint of the observer, one half of the half-wave arrives followed by the other half of the half-wave. The two halves work from tangential velocities that oppose one another and average to zero. The energy comes from only the tangential vector of the half-wave acceleration because the inward velocity vectors remain the same (no acceleration). The resulting energy is from the acceleration "2c/ts".
The energy that has been found comes from dividing the total photon by the frequency. The momentum cannot be found so easily. The momentum is tangential and one side cancels the other - except that the two halves that are momentum are separated by the time involved in half of a light wavelength. The momentum is carried tangentially by the half-wave ripple that moves first one way and then the other. The half-momentum remains in one direction until the next half-wave comes through. This interval is the only time that the momentum can be measured, so only the half-wave momentum has been found by experimenters.
Energy = h/(2t) = [m(ts/t)](2c/ts)(cts/2) for the half-wave, which reduces to:
h/(2t) = m(ts/t)c2 This is for the half-wave.
For the complete wave:
h/t = 2m(ts/t)c2
Dividing the above by "c" gives us Compton's momentum.
h/(ct) = 2m(ts/t)c
h/(2t) = mtsc2
h/(2t) = m(ts/t)c2 = 3.37885x10 -35 meter kilogram
using kilogram as a unit of force.
What has been found is the energy in the amount of Mass entering the hole in time "ts". In other words, it is the fraction of the electron rest mass/energy that would exist if we were to use the time "ts" instead of one second to measure things.
The momentum should be the energy divided by "c".
h/(2ct) = m(ts/t)c2/c = m(ts/t)c = msc
which is correct for half of the half-wave.
h/(2ct) = 1.12707x10 -43 kilogram second Using kilogram as a unit of force.
For a single full wave:
hf = h(1/t) = h/t = 2msc2
hf/c = h(1/t)/c = h/tc = 2msc
As the distance from the electron center increases, the circumferences being affected by the accelerations become longer and the acceleration along the length of each circumference moves that circumference's mass less and less distance. The wave of acceleration soon becomes a pressure wave with little actual movement.
In the equation "h/(2t) = m(ts/t)(2c/ts)(cts/2)", "m(ts/t)" is the mass that enters the electron in time ts. The time "ts" remains the same at all distances from the electron center and is the measure of masses at the increasing distances from from the electron center as the wave of acceleration continues outward.
What has occurred during the passage of the half-wave is an energy/momentum that can be transferred to a resonant receiving electron. It is also a shift from the tangential part of the inward flow in one direction to that in the opposite direction. The tangential velocity from this shift varies according to the density and length of the circumference of the nether through which the half-wave moves. But the the momentum remains the same.
The incremental energy in one revolution of incoming nether is 2.3216x10 -78 meter kilogram second (using kilogram as force). This energy passes a point in space in 2.8356x10 -65 second. As it passes, it moves a distance of 1.0573x10 -57 meter.
At the electron Schwarzschild radius, the energy is caused by the acceleration "2c/ts" for the half-wave. Momentum is also a function of that which is being experienced. There is no friction within the nether and the energy and momentum in the half-wave, wave, and photon will remain the same until it is discharged at a resonant electron.
Compton divided "hf " by "c" and obtained the correct results. The momentum found was that of the acceleration waves relative to the observer or to the electrons that were in the path of the waves. This is as it should have been. Bear in mind that this is half what the total change in momentum is with a complete wave passage.
The Compton Effect
The Shape of the Half-Wave Back
The "acceleration" of "2c/ts" moving outward at the speed of light is what turns a receiving electron in the proper direction.
The electron in motion, when producing light, takes in nether from the "sides" so that the inflow is disc-like in shape rather than hemispherical. The nether is energy-conscious. It prefers to act in a manner that uses the least energy whenever is must act differently. Once it is in motion, it prefers to remain in motion unless a force of some kind acts upon it. The nether inflow at any point of a gravity funnel cross-section is a flow that extends from infinity to the matter that is pulling it in. This inflow is not altered unless a force other than the pulling matter is introduced to it. So, ideally, nether streams toward the matter center at increasing velocities. The same nether, unadulterated by other elements, that began its journey to the matter center is the one that arrives at the matter center.
The electron has many streams of nether moving into it and they tend to maintain their integrity as the electron moves from one place to another (out of energy-consciousness). They form a flexible disc with the electron hole at the center. The disc is actually infinite in diameter with elements of nether moving toward the center at a velocity that is nearly zero at the outer-most circumference, and at the speed of light at the electron hole. In between, the speeds inward are between these extremes.
Logically, the disc would have a "thickness" caused by the vortex itself having layers. At the rotations, electrons slowing down and speeding up would create a type of "thickness" to the light half-wave. For an electron moving upward, the slowing would cause the wave to begin moving outward at the bottom sooner than at the top, and as the electron starts down again, the bottom would move out last of all. Looking at the half-wave from a sectional view at the side, one would see an inverted "V" shape. The subsequent rotation from the same electron moving downward and then upward would have a sectional view of the half-wave resembling an upright "V".
Repeat Explanation in Different Words Back
At the the electron center or more correctly the Schartzschild radius for the electron (about 10-57 meter), the nether is moving tangentially at the speed of light. The electron creates light by vibratory motion. It moves in one direction until it is stopped by the other electrons in that orbit of the atom. After it is stopped, it bounces backward which causes its mouth to re-orient and point in the opposite direction. During its re-orientation, its direction change causes a half-wave of transverse nether acceleration to move outward at the speed of light.
The acceleration wave is caused by the electron reversing direction and thus reversing the direction of the vector of tangential nether movement which has a velocity of "c". Each time this direction change occurs, a half-wave moves outward. First, there is a vector at lightspeed to the right, and next it is to the left. The overall change in velocity from right to left is twice the speed of light, so the average velocity, which is one half of the total change, is "c".
The tangential acceleration moves outward in a circle like a ripple on a pond. It has a magnitude of "2c/ts" and accelerates the mass of the circle along the circumference with each passing of a half-wave, first in one direction and then in the opposite direction. The acceleration takes place in about 4x10-22 second (called ts). So the distance, "d", that each circumference is accelerated is the product of the average velocity, "c", and ts divided by two (because only half of the length of "s" is the average distance).
The above creates a half-wave energy of mad = m(ts/t)(2c/ts)(cts/2) = ms(2c/ts)(cts/2) = msc2. The energy of the half-wave using Hallwach's and Hertz' findings is "hf/2". The frequency for single wave or half-wave is "1/t". Thus,
hf/2 = h(1/t)/2 = h/(2t) = mad = ms (2c/ts)(cts/2).
The nether mass or total Mass inflow at each distance from the electron center is the same because of the funnel effect (no Mass in and no Mass out of the funnel except at the top and the bottom). The density of the nether Mass will not change except for reasons other than the disc-like path of the expanding ripple. This means that the inflow velocity of Mass will be much less at any point on the circumference of the ripple as the circumference increases. The overall effect on the ripple is greater mass from the increase in circumference and less tangential distance moved by the outward moving wave of acceleration. The total product "md" will remain the same. The transverse "acceleration", "2c/ts" is the same at all distances from the electron center. The acceleration passes every inflow cross-section in the same length of time, "ts".
The energy is carried by the constant momentum as the wave moves outward. The momentum is the reason that the half-wave, the complete wave, and the photon appear to have constant energy. Although their energies decrease with the tangential velocities of each outgoing ripple, they are regained with at the receiving end when the masses of the ripples are reduced and their velocities increased.
From the foregoing, it is evident that half of Planck's constant is equal to the product of the mass of one ripple circumference, the acceleration "2c/ts", and the tangential distance moved during the acceleration of that circumference. Twice the frequency is the number of changes in velocity in each second. Planck's constant and frequency multiplied together make energy. But once again this explanation is oversimplified.
An electron changes direction as it creates a light wave. It goes from one direction to the opposite direction. The electron, by changing directions, alters the stream of incoming nether tangentially while allowing it to remain essentially the same radially. The electron center (explained elsewhere) is basically a hemisphere, but when it is vibrating, the hemisphere is no longer supreme. The vibration causes the center to act as if it were a cylinder, with the nether stream coming in from all sides of the cylinder, most of the time, and with very little coming in from the top or bottom.
Think of cutting a ball in half, orienting half of the ball with its pole upward, and moving this half upward. Notice that it creates a cylinder with its motion. The nether from the "sides" can continue to come in unimpeded even when the the ball turns to come back down. But the nether from the top is impeded during the turn, and a new path for incoming nether must be created. This requires more energy than would be the case for nether to come in mostly from the "sides".
In an antenna with multiple electron motion and a relatively long distance for the electrons to travel, this effect is even more visible. The nether flow comes in as if it were entering a cylinder rather than a hemisphere. The tendency of the nether to accelerate in a straight line for energy conservation (see Book Three) does the rest. The wave moves out in a plane perpendicular to the motion of electron travel.
So the light wave, which is like a ripple on a pond, moves outward through an expanse of incoming nether that is shaped like a disc. And that means that both the incoming nether and the wave shape are essentially in a plane like an infinitely large dinner plate.
Gravity, as we know it, is an acceleration of nether moving inward or downward relative to the surface of our planet. It has essentially no tangential vector. This is because gravity is the result of the combined inward vectors of nether flow for the many vorticles that comprise our planet. The gravity funnel of our planet has cross-sections (theoretical spheres), through which nether must pass, which have cross-sectional areas that exceed the total areas of nether inflow for Earth's constituent vorticles. So the nether in our planetary gravity funnel compresses in two directions and extends in another (see Book Two).
However, at the level of the electron, there is a tangential vector equal to the inward vector, and very slow nether "velocity" in each case as compared to what we have with our gravity. So gravity at the electron level is very small. It is so small relative to charge and the nuclear forces that it is usually discounted in calculations at the subatomic level. However, the other forces compete with one another at the macroscopic level and average to essentially zero, while gravity becomes a combined force of all the constituent vorticles that constitute a mass such as a planet.
The illustration on the next page shows only an element of nether and there are an infinity of small elements matching this one that are part of the vortex.
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