Contents
Four - ENERGY RECEPTION
"...it was thought, the Universe should be deemed an immense Being,
always living, always moved,
and always moving in an eternal activity inherent in itself,
and which, subordinate to no foreign cause,
is communicated to all its parts, connects them together,
and makes of the world of things a complete and perfect whole."
Albert Pike
Before a particular electron is "excited" into a higher energy state, it draws in nether as would any busy electron, the incoming nether at various radii conforming to the usual gravity funnel laws. Generally speaking, there is some compression of nether as the flow comes nearer the Schwartzschild radius and its radial and tangential velocities lessen with increasing distance from the electron center.
When the electron begins to vibrate everything changes. The incoming nether begins to take on a disc-like shape and there is very little compression. The velocities become more proportional to "1/r" instead of "1/r 1/2". Each rotation furnishes new energy for the light half-wave.
The new energy takes the form of a wave of acceleration which has both energy and momentum and moves outward along the disc-like inward flow in the form of an expanding ring (like a ripple in a pond). This is a wave in the strictest sense even though it is only half of a cycle to be completed with the next succeeding wave. Nether is frictionless, so the ring moves outward to carry the energy and momentum without loss. [The acceleration remains constant and the product "md" remains constant. So "mad", which is energy remains constant as the wave moves outward.]
As the wave moves outward from the electron center, the nether with tiny radial and tangential velocities is suddenly accelerated tangentially. This acceleration, though short-lived, is huge. The half-wave of acceleration passes any particular radius in time ts, "gradually" accelerating the Mass in each circumference. [If 4x10-22 seconds can be considered gradual.] After the half-wave passes, the circumference that it passed is moving at a new tangential velocity - plus or minus its usual movement due to the inflow dynamics and any outside influences. This state continues until the passage of the second half-wave which is a mirror-image of the first. The nether at the various radii is accelerated back to the state it was in before the first half-wave moved through. This cycle continues until the complete natural photon has passed.
During the time that a light half-wave is moving through the cosmos from the light source to the receiver, the circumference of its expanding "ring" is growing. It can become as large as the universe and still have the same tangential acceleration of "Mass" through each cross-section of its nether inflow.
The actual tranverse velocity that is "normal" for the electron lessens as the radius increases. When the half-wave moves through, it accelerates each circumference tangentially as it passes so that its velocity is changed. This comes from the equation:
h/(2t) = ms(2c/ts)d
h/(2t) = [m(ts/t)](2c/ts)d
h/(2t) = m(2c/t)d
h/(2t) = (M/t)(2c/t)d
Here "m" is electron mass, or Mass flow "M/t", and "ms" is Mass that it accelerated in time "ts".
The half-waves transfer their energies to the receiving electron, which is located on the "centerline" of the transverse waves. So the first half-wave provides a relative momentum of only one side of its total and an energy that is only one side of its total. The "centerline" is just an arbitrary reference to the midpoint in inflowing Mass velocity change as it moves from "c" on one side to "c" the other side at the Schwarzschild radius.
As the half-wave moves out, from the observer's viewpoint, after the first half-wave passes, the tangential velocity of the ripple is moving toward one side at velocity "v". After the second half-wave passes, the tangential velocity of the ripple is also "v" (the same magnitude) but moving toward the other side. The ending velocity for the first half-wave on one side is "v". The second half-wave creates an ending velocity on the other side by changing the velocity by "2v" in the opposite direction.
The third half-wave is a mirror image of the second and so on, with the apparent result that "v" is the final velocity on one side of "centerline". The observer with the light coming toward him views the final velocity as the end result from a starting velocity of zero, so the final tangential velocity is "v" until other movements overcome it. The distance over which the tangential acceleration is acting is "d" which is based upon the average velocity multiplied by half of the time. This is found at the only place we know the inputs, the Schwarzschild radius.
d = cts/2
Then as the half-wave moves out
d = vts/2
where "v" is the average velocity.
Thus, at the Schwarzschild radius the distance that "me(ts/t" is pushed by "2c/ts" is "d". "d" is the product of the average new velocity "c" and "ts/2".
Outside the Schwarzschild radius, the distance that the increasing mass is pushed by "2c/ts" is "d". "d" is the product of the decreasing average new velocity "v" and "ts/2". The quantities "mv" and "md" remain constant even though their constituents change.
The Mass density that a light half-wave must pass through will vary according to the location in space. Gravity funnels - especially large ones - cause density to increase. The acceleration we call light is caused by nether moving from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure. The rate that this occurs is the reactive speed of the nether. The transverse vector of this speed is the speed of light. When density increases, inertia also increases. The cause of the greater density is increased nether pressure, so density is offset by pressure in direct proportion and the speed of light remains constant.
An increase in Mass density would alter the components of momentum ("m" and "v") while their product remains the same. Such a change would alter the energy of the half-wave because it is based upon "v" squared. The wave is a ripple in which its total mass is the mass in "mv". It should average over the total circumference of the ring, offsetting any variations due to local gravity. When it does not average correctly, it is a consequence of most of the ripple being within a graviy funnel. Time would be slowed and this would compensate for any slowing of light due to the increase of total ring density. The momentum will always keep the energy regardless because when approaching the receiver the Mass lessens due to the receiver's "ring" being shorter - while the tangential velocity eventually increases to become "c" again.
The receiving electron must be "resonant" to the photon. This means that it must have a natural inclination to move back and forth at the same frequency. In other words, its "box" within the atom must be the correct size. It must also live within the same plane within which the photon disc resides. Otherwise, it will not be in a path where the photon is passing.
When it first receives a half-wave from a resonant photon, it turns to match the photon half-wave acceleration. Again, energy-consciousness is the key. It is better for energy conservation if the receiving electron takes in nether in revolutions which match the movement of that first half-wave acceleration. The transverse velocity of the nether which follows causes the electron to remain oriented in the same direction until the next half-wave acceleration arrives to turn the receiving electron. The electron mouth, after the first half-wave passage, causes the electron to move forward in its new direction (by pulling in the nether). After the second half-wave acceleration, the receiving electron has a mouth oriented to move in the opposite direction, and the process continues until the entire photon has been spent.
The photon reception is actually a step-by-step process of the energy bundle produced by the sender being unraveled by the receiver. The mass acceleration in the energy equation that was contributed by the sender becomes the mass acceleration near the receiver's radius rs. This causes the receiver to rotate so that it can conserve energy. The average velocity in "d" becomes the average velocity of the mass moving into the receiver's center. The time ts is the time it takes the receiver to accept the energy of one of the sender's rotation.
The nether Mass that is accelerated by the half-wave must have three dimensions to be a true Mass of nether. It can be viewed as a series of masses being moved by the half-wave. Each radius from the source electron is that of a circle with a circumference that is equal to "(2pi)r" where "r" is the radius. The "V" or inverted "V" cross-section can be thought of as a single line which gives the circumference the appearance of a very short cylinder. Now we have a very short cylinder expanding outward as the half-wave. So far, this cylinder has two dimensions: the length of the circumference and the height. It requires one more dimension to qualify as a mass. This dimension is parallel to the inflow of the electron's nether Mass. It is "cts", the distance that light moves in time ts. This is the "thickness" of the cylinder that aids in dictating the mass that is accelerated tangentially as the half-wave moves through. All ripple circumferences have this dimension - because the ripple moves through at the speed of light and moves through in time ts.
The cylinder's three dimensions are necessary for us to comprehend the movement of a circumference's mass as the acceleration wave moves through. It is the reason that the tangential distance moved becomes less with the distance from the electron source.
The receiving electron absorbs the total incoming energy and momentum only if it is "resonant" to the incoming photon. If the receiving electron is in something like an antenna or atom which does not allow it to have the proper frequency (that of the photon), it cannot be in phase with the incoming cycles and will not accept the total energy/momentum. When the energy cannot be accepted the photon passes on just as a wave in water crosses through another wave.
On the other hand, if the receiver can accept the energy, the energy is actually absorbed throughout the time and distance it takes for the energy to arrive at the receiver. The photon is a series of half-waves which arrive at the receiver. Thus, the energy is not taken in all at once as we might think, but "gradually."
The momentum equation as given by Compton is based upon the division of the energy by "c", "hf/c". Again, "f" equals "1/t" as we look at a single lightwave, and the energy of the half-wave is "h/(2t)".
h/2t = m(ts/t)(2c/ts)d
h/t = 2m(ts/t)(2c/ts)d
h/t = (4m/t)cdwhere "d" is "cts/2" and is the distance moved by the acceleration of the mass of the cylinder.
(2c/ts)d = (2c/ts)(cts/2) = c2
So
h/t = 2m(ts/t)(2c/ts)(cts/2)
h/t = 2m(ts/t)c2ht/c = 2m(ts/t)c
Dimensionally, the energy equation is "(1/2)mv 2" and momentum is "mv". But
(1/2)mv 2/v = (1/2)mv
or
(1/2)mc 2/c = (1/2)mc
Which indicates that the momentum by Compton is based upon the final velocity that is present after the passage of one half-wave. This is only logical because it is all that is present until the next half-wave arrives.
In older editions of Book Three there is a theory for what causes an apparent discrepancy in Compton's momentum equal to a factor of two. However, I believe that the explanation that is correct is: Compton divided "hf " by "c" and obtained the correct results. The momentum found was that of the acceleration waves relative to the observer or to the electrons that were in the path of the waves. This is as it should have been. This is half what the total change in momentum is with a complete wave passage. [Each succeeding half-wave creates a mirror image of the one before it and the one after it. The only possible measure of momentum would be that of one half-wave because adjacent half-waves have opposing tangential velocities and cancel one another, leaving a total that is zero.]
A man-made radio wave from a simple AM antenna is propagated by many electrons moving in response to a power source. The many electrons create a cylinder of "flux" which moves outward. This cylinder is the multiple half-wave accelerations of the electrons. A lightwave, on the other hand, is made by a single electron without an antenna.
In the case of a radio wave, the wave cannot deliver its total available energy to a receiving antenna at the receiving location unless the receiving antenna is the correct type, is oriented correctly, and is the correct length. The angle of polarization of the receiving antenna is also a factor. Also, a radio wave can have more or less power according to what is imparted to it at the source, while the receiving antenna can absorb only a portion of the total power.
The speed of light is merely the time it takes a negative pressure wave to move through the nether when opposed by the inertia of the nether. When the expanding circle of one cycle of a light wave passes something which can take its energy, the total energy of that cycle is taken. This means that the expanding circle of tangential energy ceases almost instantaneously and that all points along it deliver their energy almost simultaneously even though only one small part of the circle is crossing the receiver of the energy. I say "almost" simultaneously because, actually, there is a little bit of time for the radial dimension of the half-wave to travel to the receiver.
This seems to be wrong because the influence of the receiver along the circumference of the expanding circle that is a lightwave seems to exceed the speed of light. It actually does exceed the speed of light, but more must said. The acceleration imparted by the sending electron is being transferred to the nether domain of the receiving electron. All points of the expanding circle are being accelerated at one time so there is no single point at which acceleration must occur. All points along the circumference of the wave are being accelerated simultaneously for delivery to the receiver. In effect, the transfer of the half-wave energy from the sender to the receiver along the circumference of the half-wave does exceed the speed of light. However, rather than acting as a sudden deceleration of the half-wave circumference, this is a gradual acceleration of the incoming nether at the receiving electron.
Think of half of a light wave as a ring moving outward like a ripple on a pond in which a child has thrown a pebble. The ripple, when it discharges its energy, is discharging the total force along the ripple even though the ripple might be many light years in diameter. The entire energy and momentum of the ripple is available almost instantaneously because its entire circumference is in motion - so that it acts almost like a solid body when it enters the effective radius of influence of the receiving electron. Here, the acceleration that is being passed from one increasing circumference to the next is gradually bled off as an acceleration of the nether which is being taken into the receiving electron. Also, the nether that was considered that of the sender has been used to accelerate what is to become the nether of the receiver.
Once again, in a step-by-step manner with the vacuum at the center of it acting as its continued energy and momentum source, the sending electron creates a light wave.
1. An excited electron falls from an outer to an inner orbit. As it falls, it vibrates, changing direction regularly.
2. As it changes direction, it orients itself to the path of least energy expenditure which is with its "mouth" in front. This causes the vortex to be aligned in a particular direction with a tangential vector at right angles to its direction of travel. It is this change in direction that furnishes the energy that is in the half-wave.
3. Its tangential acceleration vector is what gives it its half-Planck's-constant energy and momentum. This acceleration moves outward like a ring imparting velocities to Mass as the ring increases in radius.
4. It reaches the end of a half-cycle. This causes the tangential vector to change direction and its new direction of acceleration moves outward behind the first.
5. The cycles continue until the electron falls back to the bottom of its residence. During this fall each cycle takes place in the same time as every other much as a pendulum will maintain the same period even if the distance of travel lessens [One must change the length of the pendulum arm for it to change its period.] In the case of the electron, the forces at the higher levels are greater than the forces at the lower levels and this causes the electron to move with greater velocities at greater travel distances and lesser velocities at lesser travel distances.
6. As the accelerations (alternate direction changes) of "angular momentum" move outward, they form a photon, with each two consecutive changes of direction of angular "momentum" acting as one complete cycle.
7. The electron may be excited back to the outer orbit then turn to repeat its vibratory path inward once more.
The half-wave is half of a sine wave, so it has times of maximum and minimum acceleration with the maximum equal to "c" and the minumum equal to zero. The effect of the acceleration of the half-wave is felt by the receiver for the time it takes the half-wave to pass through the nether - that is one half-wavelength away from the center of the receiving electron. In this time the following is an approximation of what happens.
1. The leading edge of the half-wave enters the nether that is a half-wavelength from the center of the receiving electron and the nether moving into the receiving electron begins to re-orient the electron in the direction of tangential movement of the half-wave as the half-wave begins to transfer its energy to the nether in this space.
2. The leading edge of the half-wave touches the center of the receiving electron and the receiving electron re-orients itself to move in a particular direction dictated by the half-wave as the last energy from the leading edge of the half-wave is exhausted into the nether flow of the receiving electron.
3. The first part of the leading edge of the second quarter of the half-wave touches the center of the receiving electron and the receiving electron accelerates in the direction dictated to it by its new nether flow.
4. The first part of the leading edge of the third quarter of the half-wave touches the center of the receiving electron and the receiving electron has continued its motion but its acceleration is gone.
5. The first part of the last quarter of the half-wave touches the center of the receiving electron and the receiving electron is decelerating.
6. The last part of the half-wave touches the center of the receiving electron and the receiving electron has stopped.
7. The leading edge of the new half-wave has reached the center of the receiving electron and the receiving electron re-orients itself in the opposite direction for a mirrored repeat of what happened with first half-wave.
Nothing rests; everything moves; everything vibrates.
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