Contents
Two - CONJECTURE
Listen within yourself
and look into the infinitude of Space and Time.
There can be heard the songs of the Constellations,
the voices of the Numbers,
and the harmonies of the Spheres.
The Divine Pymander
In the days following the Michelson-Morley experiment, there were two reasonable assumptions to make regarding light. One could assume that there was no medium for light to use as a wave, and, therefore, light is a particle. Or one could assume that there was a medium through which light traveled as a wave, but that this medium was dynamic rather than static.
The first assumption was reasonable for most people at that time, especially with the lingering effect of Isaac Newton's assertions that light is not a wave. After all, Newton was a very prominent person, and common sense dictated that the ether would have to be static with matter moving through it.
The second assumption was completely foreign to the way most physicists and lay people alike perceived the universe. After all, space was obviously empty, a vast expanse of nothing.
Then, many years later, came the news that electrons carried with them innate spin. This was spin that was always present, always in the same direction, and always with the same magnitude - regardless which electron was used to measure it. How many known things in the universe have innate spin other than certain other subatomic particles? Space was empty and ether could not exist - yet there was (and is) nothing we know that can maintain constant spin. It was too late to backtrack and consider another alternative in which space was filled with dynamic ether.
Later, it was found that not only did light keep on behaving in many ways as if it were a wave, but even electrons seemed to have a wave form. Yet, physicists continued to deny that ether exists, even though space was beginning look as if it were carrying waves.
Someone approaching this dilemma in physics who was not already brainwashed by current theory, could not help but wonder if (a) ether exists and transmits light, (b) subatomic particles and, particularly the electron, are vortices probably made of this ether, (c) ether is actually dynamic, (d) innate spin is actually the action of a vortex which is driven by some form of energy, and (e) that energy is likely to be that of ether pressure versus that of a void at the heart of each vortex. Of course this seems to be unthinkable because it implies an emptiness inside each tiny bit of matter and a fullness in the apparent emptiness of space. But is the supposed unthinkable to be ignored simply because we do not choose to look at it? Is science so blind that it cannot see a simpler and more logical possibility? Apparently, it is.
To maintain constant spin an object must have a source of energy. Even if the universe is frictionless, acceleration still requires the expenditure of energy. Gravity is acceleration and it must have an energy source to exist. Charge is a form of acceleration and it also must have a source of energy.
If we assume that dynamic ether exists and we call it "nether" for convenience, we can examine what might cause a vortex within it. Mart and I have proposed that there is a place of less pressure, a vacuum, within each vorticle so that the pressure of the nether furnishes the energy necessary to maintain constant spin. So where does the nether which enters this place of lower pressure find itself?
One possibility is that each vorticle brings the nether in through its vortex at its equator and ejects it from its pole or poles. This would be all right in the sense that the ejected nether would move at a constant velocity and, therefore, offer no acceleration to oppose gravity. In other words, gravity is acceleration caused by nether moving inward at a faster rate as it approaches the hole in space that is the vorticle center. We respond to gravity because it is an acceleration of the nether. We do not respond to simple nether velocity. However, the possibility mentioned in this paragraph cannot be a reality because gravity is an acceleration requiring energy to exist. A frictionless flow of nether inward and then outward might continue in the absence of any energy being removed from it, but when energy is continually being removed as in the case of gravity or charge, the flow eventually dissipates and we have nothing. So simple pole ejection is not a viable possibility.
So far, it appears that the simplest, most logical model is that of nether (dynamic ether) throughout our universe, vortices which are subatomic "particles" which we may call "vorticles," and a vacuum allowing nether pressure to furnish the energy necessary for the inflow which we call gravity. So what causes the vacuum at the vorticle centers?
The vacuum must be caused by the constant removal of the nether at each vorticle center. The nether there can either cease to exist or go somewhere else. If we assume that it ceases to exist, we may theorize that a certain amount of compression simply causes it to collapse. This may be what happens, but this "explanation" does not appeal to me. Another explanation is that the nether, when under a certain amount of pressure, continues to compress on its own, indefinitely. Again, this does not seem very likely.
If we assume that the nether goes somewhere else, it must be actually sucked into this other place for the vacuum to remain. And this kind of thinking can lead to more elaborate explanations.
When Einstein published the first relativistic model of the universe, he proposed that it was a static fourth-dimensional hypersphere. Later, his first proposed model was found wanting and became obsolete, but the hypersphere portion was not abandoned. Perhaps a fourth dimension is the key to where the nether goes.
What is the fourth dimension? It is a dimension which is at right angles to all three of the perceived spatial dimensions of our universe. Some mathematicians think of it as another dimension of space and that we would perceive it as appearing to be at forty-five degrees from our three spatial dimensions. If we were to see something disappearing into it, the object would simply become smaller and smaller as if it were growing more distant. But it would not appear to move from its original location. Others think of the fourth dimension as time, so that we see it in our minds' eyes as a sequence of events like a motion picture. If the nether simply moved back in time, it would cease to exist for us.
If the fourth dimension were another spatial dimension, a vorticle might act as a doorway into it and it may be a vacuum, an emptiness that could suck in the nether. If the fourth dimension were time, it might suck in the nether as we moved along a time line.
If the big bang were the beginning of our universe, and our universe is a nether universe, the universe would still be accelerating slightly in its expansion. If time is a fourth dimension and we exist in a universe of three spatial dimensions and one time dimension, it is possible that our expansion accelerates along the dimension of time as well. Such an acceleration would cause time to act as a vacuum.
On the other hand, what if time is merely a relative measure of the rate of movement (rate = distance/time) and it is essentially an illusion in an eternal now with the only realities being space, nether, movement of nether, and the now? We could think of this situation as having a time line along which our universe moves like a three-dimensional plane. The three dimensions of space exist as our universe, but our universe moves along a fourth-dimensional time line. This is essentially Isaac Newton's concept, along with his understanding that time must exist for motion to exist - and motion is the way we measure time. Newton called the absolute time "duration", and that which we measure "common" or "relative time".
Another idea that fits in here is that the universe of nether was formed in an empty space of three dimensions - and it was formed from nothing. In math, zero is the sum of positive and negative numbers. So perhaps nothing is the sum of positive and negative nether which, due to the laws of probability, is only sometimes at the zero state. Suppose when the universe was created (the big bang), there was at least one "negative" universe created simultaneously to balance our own. Suppose it moved in the opposite direction along a time dimension and that this dimension separates the universe of positive nether from the universe of negative nether. This would be possible if the time line were a reality rather than our own illusion.
Another possibility is that the time line is an illusion but that the negative nether is displaced in time by a fraction of a second so that it comes along behind us in time. If our nether exhausts through our vorticles and into the past, it could touch the negative nether of the universe just behind ours. The positive and negative nether would become nothing where they touched, so that the vacuum between universes would continue to exist. But this idea might mean two "nows": one for our universe and a later one for the negative universe which follows. I believe that a single "now" is sufficient for any number of universes and that this "now", which Newton called "duration", is the primary and first dimension, because it is necessary for the others to exist.
Is this possible? Perhaps. After all, this is all merely conjecture. And since we are conjecturing, perhaps there are an infinite number of positive and negative universes forming alternately, so that each positive universe would be sandwiched between two negative universes, and each negative universe would be sandwiched between two positive universes. All of these universes would be moving outward in space and time from a single point like a vibration from the mouth of creation, or the sound of a flute played by a Hindu God.
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