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Six
FASTER-THAN-LIGHT COMMUNICATIONOur minds possess by nature
an irresistable desire to know the truth.
Cicero
There was an experiment first performed by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen in 1935, later called the EPR experiment. It was a thought experiment in quantum mechanics which produced results so strange that Einstein rejected them as a flaw in quantum theory.
In 1980, the experiment was physically performed by splitting a single photon into two, each of which had half of the energy of the "mother" photon. These two "entangled" photons were polarized at ninety degrees to one another. Whenever the polarization of one of the two was detected, it was a certainty that the polarization of the other would be at ninety degrees to the first. The first polarization detection could be either horizontal or vertical, and the experimenter had the choice, but once the measurement was made, the second measurement would always be at ninety degrees to the first.
The problem Einstein had with this experiment had to do with the fact that the removal of one polarization (by detecting it) made the second one predictable instantaneously, regardless of the distance between the two detections. This was an example of faster-than-light (FTL) communication to the extreme.
In 1992, an experiment was performed by Ming Lai and Jean-Claude Diels. In this experiment in appears that a single photon travels in two directions simultaneously even though the two directions are almost at ninety degrees to one another. This was explained by the quantum physicists as the photon being a probability wave.
According to nether theory as proposed by Mart Gibson and myself, a photon moves outward as a group of circular waves effectively in one plane and the idea of it being in two places at once is quite acceptable. In fact, it can be in an infinite number of places at once, but this is not because it is a probability wave.
According to this same theory, a photon of light that has been split into two photons, as in the case of the EPR experiment, are mutually moving parts of the same photon. The removal of one part at one point will result in the complete removal of that part at any distance from that point, leaving only the other part of the split polarization to be removed at a distant point. This happens instantaneously even though the two removals may be light years apart. This is why some of us believe that FTL communication is possible - and even possible with our current state of technology.
Going back to nether theory, it should be possible for a receiver called "A" to absorb a photon or to not absorb this photon. If a more distant possible receiver (from the photon source), called "B", were attempting to absorb this same photon, the fact that this photon was or was not there to be absorbed would provide a binary message from the first receiver.
For this to happen, the following conditions must be the case. First, the photon "time schedule" must be known. This is possible. Second, the photon must be able to penetrate effectively through obstacles, such as gas in space, or to avoid such obstacles. Again, this is possible. Third, the photon must be polarized precisely perpendicular to the plane described by the source and the two possible receivers. Fourth, "A" must be closer to the source than "B". Fifth, the correct photon must be identified. This is also possible, in theory, as follows.
The nature of electromagnetic radiation from most sources is a jumble of many photons, many half-waves of light moving outward at various times, in various frequencies, and with various angles of polarization. When we receive light, we are receiving this jumble.
To make things even more complicated, no electron and no half-waves of its photons can exist in the same place or places at the same time as those of another electron and its photons. We could say this is due to an exclusion principle, but such words are just a cop-out as compared to understanding why it occurs.
Every electron is a vortex of nether (dynamic ether). So no two electrons can exist in precisely the same place at the same time. No two electrons can exist in the same place at the same time, so no two exact nether inflows can exist in the same place at the same time. Every half-wave is merely the change in direction of inward nether flow. Thus, no exactly similar half-waves can exist in the same place at the same time.
This means that any electron which is in the same neighborhood as a multitude of other electrons will have nether flow into it that has been and will be continually adjusted by the nether flows into the surrounding electrons. And this, in turn means that half-waves moving outward from an electron will also be adjusted in direction and polarization. Thus, the ideal disc-like shape of the half-wave becomes distorted beyond recognition and, rather than moving outward as a ring in an infinity of directions in a single plane, after going only a short distance outward it moves in directions which deviate greatly from the ideal - which effectively prevents its use in FTL communication.
The foregoing problem can be prevented by using a single electron which has been separated from other vorticles (particles) by a large volume of space. The single photons emitted can then move outward in the ideal shape with a slight exception where the atomic nucleus is located.
However, it might be very difficult for "A" and "B" to detect a single photon from the many that traverse space. Many such must be used for adequate detection. Furthermore, these must be separated from the others. It is the proper separation from the unwanted photons that should be first accomplished. This gives us a better chance of proper detection.
Photons can be separated by their (1) frequencies, (2) polarizations, (3) times of propagation, and (4) directions of movement.
(1) The electrons used to send the photons should move at a very discrete frequency such as that of a laser or maser. This frequency should be very high for it to have the energy to more easily move through obstacles such as gas in space.
(2) The antenna in which the electrons move should be one atom in thickness (or the equivalent), ideally. And to have enough electron motion for easier detection, it should be a very long antenna (or the equivalent). The polarization of this antenna should be precisely perpendicular to the "plane" in space described by the antenna, receiver "A", and receiver "B". "Plane" is in quotes because the thickness of this plane might be the length of the antenna which makes it something other than a true plane. The receiving antennae must be polarized in the same direction as the sending antenna and must also be very long.
(3) The times of propagation would be a problem without the use of pulse code modulation. With PCM, we can use a recognition code. This allows for framing pulses (to distinguish one piece of coded material from another) and also will allow for proper frequency tuning by the receivers when doppler effects tend to "adjust" the frequency.
(4) The receiving antennae can be shielded from photons which are arriving from directions other than that of the sending antenna.
The fact that light moves outward as a wave along the inflowing nether means that electrons within a multitude of other electrons will have nether flow with altered directions. Even though the flow begins as an incoming disc, the disc is warped at farther distances from the electron. This means that a half-wave or photon from a pulsar will probably have the same polarity only for receivers within a few degrees of one another, using the pulsar as the point for the angle. But for large angles, this is very unlikely.
We can choose a particular frequency or range of frequencies for both receivers to use. We can also filter out some of the unwanted polarizations. Perhaps we have a technological method of filtering out most of the unwanted polarizations, but I am not aware of it now. It should be safe to say that a more advanced scientific civilization would have a means to do this. We can also choose a pulsar that is located so that the angular distance from the two receivers is very small.
Using this kind of set-up, "A" can choose whether or not to absorb several photons of the correct frequency range and the correct polarization. "B" can see what "A" has left in this same frequency range with the same polarization. This is the basis for a binary code that can be used with what we call pulse code modulation.
A civilization acting upon a desire to explore the galaxy (or beyond) would be sending vehicles in many directions. A variety of wave sources (such as pulsars) could be used, according to which is the most convenient for the necessary wave orientation and the distances needed between the source and each of the two receivers.
Also, at least one source would be needed for information to move from the home planet to the ship, while another is needed for information to move from the ship to the home planet. In the first case, the planet must be slightly nearer to the source than the ship. In the second case, the ship must be slightly nearer to the source than the planet.
Assuming that a technologically advanced ET would have this form of PCM, we should be developing a means of receiving such messages, rather than using radio - if we wish to communicate with him.
If we are to eavesdrop on an alien transmission, we must somehow (1) choose the correct polarization within a few seconds of arc, (2) choose the correct time to receive it, (3) decode the frames of the transmission in terms of the alien equivalent of amplitude modulation, and (4) understand the language in which it was sent. This is a tall order. If it is possible, it will require many hours of work and a high degree of genius to accomplish.
The dollars being spent on radio are probably being wasted. The difficulties of finding the correct polarization and time of the transmission, and of understanding the alien language would be more easily overcome if the sending ET were aiming at us and if this ET were attempting to help us overcome these problems. Even so, the challenge is daunting.
It is possible that someday we may tune into a universal or galactic network. It may be only a matter of time before we have the scientific truths that we need to join in their conversation.
Truth is the daughter of Time.
from an old poet as presented by Aulius Gellius
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