Contents

Five - CLARIFICATIONS

 
As it is written:
                        "First the stone,
                        Then the plant,
                        Then the animal,
                        And then man."
But before the stone I am the FIRE,
Distributed equally in space,
Nowhere absent, filling all.
Paul Foster Case
"As light would speak."

 

It is easy to confuse the "stationary" electron inflow with the light phenomenon. It is true that the inflow velocity will affect the speed of light considerably near the electron Schwartzschild radius, but this is a very local effect and, although present when the radius of the expanding ripple of a light half-wave increases, it is essentially negligible.

Each time that the electron reverses its direction of movement, the tangential velocities of nether inflow reverse their directions - eventually at all distances from the electron center. This reversal moves outward at the speed of light.

The observer "sees" an initial tangential ripple velocity of zero before the first lightwave of a photon moves by at the speed of light. After each ripple (half-wave) passes a point such as that occupied by an object or an observer, the tangential ripple velocity is in a particular direction. It remains in that direction until the next half-wave comes by.

After the next half-wave passes, the tangential ripple velocity is opposite to its previous direction. And after the next ripple passes the object or the observer, the tangential ripple velocity is again reversed. This cycle continues until the complete photon has passed.

If the photon has "hit" a resonant electron with the correct location and polarity, the energy in the photon will have been absorbed. If not, it will pass on until it finds a compliant electron.

The mass in the ripple is directly proportional to the circumference of the ripple which is proportional to its distance from the source electron. The tangential ripple velocity is inversely proportional to its distance from the source electron. So the ripple momentum is constant as the ripple moves away from the source electron.

The measurement of momentum must, of necessity, be that of the measurement of momentum between electron direction reversals. This means one can only measure the half-wave momentum. This explains the supposed paradox of Compton's momentum being only half of the momentum that should have been found for a complete lightwave.

The standard equation for kinetic energy is

E_k = (1/2)mv²

The equation for the half-wave kinetic energy is

h/2t = [m_e(t_s/t)](2c/t_s)(ct_s/2)

which reduces to

h/2t = [m_e(t_s/t)]c²

The equation for the complete wave is then

h/t = 2[m_e(t_s/t)]c²

Compton divided this by "c" and Einstein agreed and called it the momentum of a lightwave.

h/ct = 2[m_e(t_s/t)]c

But the standard value for momentum using dimensional units is "mv" while the standard for energy is "(1/2)mv²". To arrive at true momentum, Compton and Einstein should have divided energy by "(1/2)c", meaning that the momentum Compton found was only half what it would have been for a complete lightwave. Compton and Einstein did not know enough about light to realize that Compton had found the half-wave momentum - which is all one can find because the measurement must occur between electron reversals. So the correct momentum for a complete lightwave is

h/ct = 4[m_e(t_s/t)]c

To some extent, this may seem a meaningless exercise because the half-wave momentum changes direction with each source electron reversal. But the receiving electron must have this information to absorb the photon. It knows that momentum must be reversed at the correct times.

Each ripple of outward-moving acceleration can be likened to an expanding cylinder with a height equal to the distance between source electron reversals, and a thickness that is equal to the product of the speed of light and the time of electron reversal. This means that there is a slight difference in height between alternate half-waves because one is from an electron reversal at the bottom of the cylinder and the next is at the top. However, the momentum carries the energy of the wave and the momentum is found between the two reversals. ["mv" remains in the same direction between reversals, and it carries an increasing mass and a decreasing velocity until it arrives near the receiver - at which point the mass lessens while the velocity increases. The result is the same energy for the receiver that started with the sender.]

Distance between light half-waves (outward-moving cylinders) is the approximate length of a half-wavelength of the light produced. This determines the frequency of the light. The energy of the photon is the energy of the total source electron reversals which is the number of light half-waves.

Here, we have a cylinder of nether acceleration that is the light half-wave moving outward from the source electron at the speed of light. Each layer of nether that it passes through has a greater mass than the layer before because the total mass of a layer is proportional to the radius (radial distance from the source electron).

m = mass         t = time         c = lightspeed         d = distance         r = radius

As the half-wave passes, it accelerates each layer at "2c/t_s", a distance d, and d is inversely proportional to the radius because it depends upon "v". So:

m ~ r         d ~ 1 / r         md ~ r / r         r / r = 1

This means md ~ 1, so "md" is constant.

Going back to the equation for the energy of the half-wave and altering it in a mathematically "legal" way

h/2t = [m_e(t_s/t)]c²

h/2t = [m_e(t_s/t)](c/t)(ct)

This makes mass equal to [m_e(t_s/t)], acceleration equal to "c/t", and distance equal to "ct".
Which is correct for the general equation for kinetic energy

E_k = mad

The shortcut version is

E_k = (1/2)mv²

As the half-wave moves outward, the equation
h/2t = [m_e(t_s/t)](c/t)(ct) in which
md = [m_e(t_s/t)](ct) which is constant while both "m" and "d" change to keep "md" constant.

The distance "ct" becomes "vt" because the distance is based upon a velocity lower than "c".
The acceleration is still based upon "c" and becomes "c/t". The mass is shifting with "v",
and time "t" remains as one second. So

h/2t = (mvt)(c/t)     This can be simply
h/2t = (mv)c.     But as you look at the following, note that it mentions "c/t" as acceleration - which is valid.

The Moving Cylinder

The Velocity and Acceleration Vectors         Back

At the center of the source electron, the tangential velocity is c and the inward velocity is "c". As the distance from the center increases, both of the velocities decrease in inverse proportion to the radius while the mass of the ripple increases in direct proportion to the radius. The total momentum of the incoming nether thus remains constant.

As regards inward flow without the acceleration that is the half-wave, each velocity is adjusted by the same nether mass to maintain constant momentum. So the tangential and inward velocities remain equal at any radius. This means that the resultant flow is always at 45 degrees to the radius.

Each time the source electron changes direction, it causes the direction of inward flow to change, and in so doing, creates an acceleration which moves out at (2^1/2)c along the same 45 degree lines from the inward and tangential velocities. This causes the tangential acceleration vector to be "c". The inward acceleration vector should also be "c", but since each new inward velocity vector has essentially the same magnitude and direction as the old one each time the source electron reverses, there is almost no change in velocity (acceleration vector) inward, and the effect is for the electron to absorb any slight differences by swelling and contracting slightly in response to any slight increases or decreases in either the inward or tangential flow vectors.

There may not be any swelling and contracting, but if there is, it is there because the tangential flow at the electron center creates the centrifugal force which acts against the pressure of the surrounding nether to maintain the hole in our space that is the key to the electron's existence. Any reduction in the tangential flow at the center results in the electron shrinking slightly, and the opposite is true of any increase in this flow.
 

Accelerating Electrons         Back

In Book Three, you saw a wire inducing current into another wire by means of a "flux field" which is nothing more than nether in motion. This is the way the old AM radio antennae sent their energy to receiving antennae. Except that antenna wires of that type are made so that they "reflect" the energy by preventing electron movement beyond a certain point by cutting the antenna to a certain length. This allows resonance of the wave of electrons to reinforce the energy necessary to power the sending antenna, and resonance to reinforce the signal received by each receiving antenna.

This reinforcing via resonance is not too unlike what happens when an electron changes its orbit to vibrate and create a lightwave. The characteristics of the atom in which the electron resides are unique to the type of atom, which is why spectro-analysis is possible to determine the elements in distant stars.

When an outer-orbit electron receives a photon of the correct wavelength, it moves outward to an orbit of higher energy. When it falls back to the lower orbit, it emits a new photon. When the light from a star is passed through a prism, the pattern of wavelengths is shown and can be used to see what elements have been "excited" in the star to produce such a pattern. It is the pattern as opposed to the wavelength itself that is important because various factors cause a red-shift effect which alters the wavelengths of the light.

The unique characteristics of the atom mean things like its number of electron orbits, and the number of electrons in the outer orbit. The electron orbits are not like planetary orbits because electrons repel one another. It is this repulsion that limits the number of electrons in each orbit. It is also this repulsion that determines the average radius of the outer orbit and the way the electrons move within this orbit. All of these things affect the space in which an outer-orbit electron can move when it falls from the outer orbit to the lower in a vibratory fashion.

It is this limitation of the energized electron that make it resonate and produce a photon of a particular wavelength as if it were on a short antenna of the old AM type. However, there are some significant differences: the electron is alone and produces one photon of a very short wavelength, while the antenna has many electrons in it that produce many photons of a much longer wavelength.

When electrons accelerate in a wire such as an antenna to deliver energy to another wire such as a receiving antenna, the amount of "energy" given from one antenna to the other is proportional to the frequency of the wave squared.

The word "energy" is in quotes because, in fact, it is not quite what is usually called energy except for those who work with electrical terms (see Book Three).
 

Planck's Constant         Back

Planck's constant was found by measuring the energy upon a spherical surface surrounding a light source. Every point on the sphere was approximately the same distance from the light source. The energy collected upon the sphere appeared to always be a multiple of what we know as Planck's constant. This implied that light is delivered in "packages" which have energy always equal to a multiple of Plank's constant. Each package has been designated as a photon which has an energy equal to the frequency of its light times Planck's constant.

However, it should be understood that a photon, as often mentioned in regard to math, is nothing but an arbitrarily designated package and NOT a particle as some would have us believe. A photon is usually given in cycles per second multiplied by Planck's constant. Since, the photon is measured partly in cycles per second, it is limited by time. So an actual "package" of light, which might last less than a second or up to many years, is only being multiplied or divided arbitrarily for us to produce a photon. In other words, a photon is merely an artificial convenience for us to use in speech and has NO value as a natural unit. It is, in fact, merely a measure of the energy that exists in one second's passage of light. The "energy" in one cycle of the light wave is Planck's constant. Ergo, the energy in a light passage of one second, is the number of cycles that pass in one second (frequency) multiplied by Planck's constant.

Planck's constant is usually given as "h", with a frequency which is shown as " f ". So the energy in one photon equals "hf ".

In 1923, Arthur C. Compton showed that X-rays scattered from matter have an equation that can also be derived by postulating photons with an energy of "hf", or a momentum of "hf/c", where "c" is the speed of light. This implies that "h" has units of "mvd" because energy has the units "mv²" and " f " has the units "n/t". Compton could only find the momentum of the half-wave of light.

It is evident that light energy is proportional to frequency while radio energy is proportional to frequency squared. This is because radio energy is computed with the "practical system" and light energy is computed with the "energetical system" (see Book Three).

"Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to walk from here?"
"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to," said the Cat.
Lewis Carroll

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