Contents
Three - SUBATOMIC ENTITIES
Truth must necessarily be stranger than fiction;
for fiction is the creation of the human mind
and therefore congenial to it.
G. K. Chesterton
Back before showers, when people took baths in bathtubs, they could take a leisurely hot bath and then watch the water run down the drain. If the drain were partly obstructed, there was no whirlpool. But if the drain were fairly clear, the whirlpool would develop, looking like a miniature inside-out waterspout.
When the bathtub had drained until the water was less than an inch deep, the whirlpool was hollow inside and showed a high tangential velocity near the drain perimeter. To a curious person involved with nether theory, this looked like the counterpart of an electron center. However, with nether all around, the top of the electron center is more like a hemisphere of swirling water. Of course, the direction of tangential movement of the nether within the electron (with its negative angular momentum) is opposite to that of a vorticle with positive angular momentum.
The electron is a stable vorticle, like a whirlpool extending outward to infinity, which has the unique ability to take in nether at its center with radial and tangential velocity and acceleration vectors which are equal to lightspeed. The resultant of these two vectors is equal to "c" times the square root of two. Therefore, the electron center has an inward acceleration, created by the pressure difference between vacuum and surrounding nether, that is "c" times the square root of two.
In our three-dimensional space, the electron is largely hollow, the nether forming it moving at high speed about its perimeter. It is maintained by a balance between the centrifugal force of its whirling center and the pressure of the nether around it. It and its antimatter mirror-image, the positron, should be the only stable vorticles possible for our particular nether pressure. Because there are forces acting upon the electron at all times, the electron must be dynamically stable for it to continue to exist. The term dynamically stable, means that whenever a force is introduced which might cause the electron to change, another force is automatically introduced which counteracts the first force, allowing the electron to remain essentially the same.
The electron is dynamically stable. If the nether Mass outside its center begins to increase, this same Mass increase in reflected in the formula for centrifugal force (centrifugal force = mv2/r). So the inward force from the Mass increase is countered exactly by the Mass increase in the centrifugal force - and the electron stays at the same radius. This is very important because Mass density increases according where it is in a gravity funnel or in what gravity funnel it is.
If the velocity of the mass at the perimeter should temporarily increase, and thus cause the centrifugal force to increase, the radius will increase, reducing the centrifugal force. If the velocity of the mass at the perimeter should temporarily decrease, and thus cause the centrifugal force to decrease, the radius will decrease, increasing the centrifugal force. In either case, the electron remains at the same size. Thus, the balance which allows the electron to exist is maintained.
The positron is the antmatter version of the electron. It has the same dynamic balancing mechanism to maintain its existence.
Until now, only the vorticle has been mentioned in this series as the true subatomic entity. This was done partly because the vorticle is the best understood and one with a greater range of basic qualities. The vorticle has electrical charge which is the quality of repulsion between vorticles of like-charge and attraction between vorticles of unlike-charge. This quality is the direct result of the vortex itself, the resultant direction of the nether flow toward the vorticle center.
Gravity: Each vorticle has a quality like gravity, resulting from the radial vector of nether flow toward its center. This vector comes in two types: micro-gravity for vorticles and gravity for large groups of vorticles. Micro-gravity is the inward vector of nether flow into a single vorticle during which there is little or no nether compression and an almost planar configuration, which means that the force of micro-gravity is very weak. Gravity, on the other hand, is the result of many vorticles in close proximity so that their nether flows average out to become one large nether flow inward. With gravity, there is so much nether flow into a relatively small space that there is both nether compression and a spherical configuration. This force can be very strong. When there are very few vorticles in close proximity, there is an intermediate condition between micro-gravity and gravity. This can affect experiments for determining the gravitational constant.
The vorticle also has a quality called spin or angular momentum which is the direct result of the tangential vector of the nether flow toward the vorticle. This is the quality that causes a top to remain upright or a gyroscope to maintain a constant orientation in space.
The vorticle has all three of these qualities. The electron and its antimatter twin, the positron, are the only truly simple stable vorticles in our part of our universe. But there are also complex stable and unstable vorticles as well as simple unstable vorticles.
Gravity, Spin, and Charge When separations between components of composite entities occur, there may be a difference between the original total angular momentum (spin) and that after the separation. This difference in angular momentum splits off to become a type of half-wave of electromagnetic energy. It has no "mass", but does have "Mass". It is called a neutrino (there are three known types).
The neutrino is accepted as a massless particle. This is true. It has no mass because mass is the result of Mass flowing into the fourth dimension (m = M/t). The neutrino, being only a half-wave of nether, has no hole into the fourth dimension. Therefore, it certainly can have no "mass".
The result appears to be a very small entity without charge or micro-gravity. Because it has no charge or micro-gravity to allow communication, it has no means of communicating with other entities except via a collision which actually happens frequently enough but cannot be easily detected because a half-wave has no mirror half-wave to cause it to act as a vibration and no additional half-waves to make it a photon.
There may be many half-waves that are merely the result of the direction change of a vortex. So there are probably many "neutrinos" of which we are entirely unaware. There are other subatomic reactions that have left-over rotational energies. These are also almost undetectable.
Back into the bathtub once more, we see that when the water in the tub has a depth somewhere between eight inches and a foot, the column of the whirlpool which drains the tub writhes as if it were alive. The whirling column is hollow only at its very center, and its average diameter near the top is slightly more than its average diameter near the bottom. If one sweeps the whirlpool aside from the drain, it continues to swirl momentarily and then reforms over the drain hole.
This longer whirlpool might be similar to what the center of a massive vorticle would look like if we could see it. That portion of the whirlpool between the top and a point directly above the drain is like half of a gluon. The part at the drain is like a quark. In other words, the quark and half of the gluon are part of a single entity. However, the water in the tub is composed of molecules, allowing the presence of friction. This allows some water to enter the whirlpool all along its length. Nether is frictionless, so it is possible for a nether whirlpool to exist with nether entering only at the top. The "sides" merely spiral downward, furnishing enough centrifugal force to offset the nether pressure outside.
Unlike the electron center which is largely hollow, the centers of more massive vorticles such as quarks (or smaller vorticles if there are any), would be almost filled with nether. Their nether flow would also have a resultant inward acceleration equal to "c" times the square root of two. However, at any particular point, no two of their three nether acceleration vectors would necessarily be equal. The vector directly into the hole would dominate considerably and the radial and tangential vectors would be unequal and vary considerably according to their distance from the exact center of the "whirlpool" and their distance from the hole.
In nether theory, the quark is caused by a hole in one direction of the fourth dimension. The antiquark is caused by a hole in the opposite direction of the fourth dimension. This is because the pressure involved during their mutual creation develops a balanced reaction with the inertia in one direction opposing the inertia in the opposite direction. The gluon is the column of spiraling nether between the quark and the antiquark. Half of the gluon is formed of nether moving toward the hole which is causing the quark. The other half of the gluon is formed of nether moving toward the hole which is causing the antiquark.
The complete entity is either a quarkon (quark with its half of the gluon) or an antiquarkon (antiquark with its half of the gluon). The quark and the antiquark are holes like those of the electron and the positron, but, with more Mass flowing into them, they are hungrier. To conserve energy, they tend to move in the direction their mouths are pointing. Since they are formed with their mouths pointing toward one another, and since the so-called gluon keeps them oriented in that manner, they tend to move toward one another with constant force, regardless of their distance apart.
The quarkon, as I define it, is composed of the quark and the half of the gluon which is composed of spiralling nether moving toward the quark. The antiquarkon is composed of the antiquark and half of the gluon's spiralling nether moving toward the antiquark.
Neither the quarkon nor the antiquarkon are dynamically stable when alone. The nether flow into each must be through its long tunnel vortex (half-gluon) for its mass flow into the hole to be large enough for it to maintain its existence. Without the long neck of the "whirlpool" that is the tunnel vortex, the nether flow into the hole would be largely hollow and tangential. For a more massive vorticle to exist, the average tangential flow vector at the hole itself must be small as compared to the average downward vector (the one straight into the hole). When the quarkon is part of a pion, the long neck allows the necessary distance for this condition to manifest. The neck is reduced in a baryon. The hole itself, in both cases, is essentially filled - contrary to the hollow condition of the hole of an electron or positron.
As already stated, quarks do not exist for very long when alone. Lone quarks have been created by the annihilation of electron/positron pairs. The energy which results from that annihilation is in the form of photons which then create quarks and gluons. The quarks and gluons decay in much less time than the blink of an eye.
Remember that an electron center is probably "hollow" in the same sense that a whirlpool is hollow - such as the one that you would see when water drains from a bathtub with a good drain. Much of the Mass flow into an electron center is at the perimeter of the hole and enters at an angle that creates sufficient centrifigal force to keep the hole open. So the electron center is relatively large and hollow.
If more of the Mass flow could be entering at right angles from the plane of the hole, the hole could be filled up with Mass entering it and the mass (remember m = M/t) of the vorticle would increase. In such a vorticle, the tangential vector for the Mass flow would decrease which would reduce the size of the hole until its lessened radius caused the new centrifugal force to equal the nether pressure (centrifugal force = Mv2/r). Such a vorticle could be smaller than the electron and still more massive. The tunnel vortex causes the Mass flow to enter almost straight into the hole, but how was the tunnel vortex created and maintained? The quarkon was created with the tunnel vortex, the nether itself is frictionless, and the nether pressure around the vortex prevents the centrifugal force within it from expanding outward. In this last respect it is similar to an electron.
Mass - Charge - Micro-Gravity - Gravity - Spin When certain manmade high-energy collisions occur, some composite entities called neutral pions are observed which are currently accepted as an up quark and an up antiquark held together by a gluon, or a down quark and a down antiquark held to together by a gluon.
The gluon appears to be a tube in which there is a flow believed to be from the quark to the antiquark (see Glueballs in by Frank E. Close and Philip R. Page in the November 1998 issue of Scientific American).
In nether theory, the quark and the antiquark are holes into the fourth dimension. The vortex which forms at each is half of the so-called gluon between the two. The "gluon" is actually two tubular vortices formed as a result of their "mouths" which are "kissing" due to the suction between them.
A quark or antiquark is much more massive than an electron. And unlike the electron, neither is stable in a free state. The pion is not stable either and decays quickly. To form and maintain a hole into the fourth dimension, there must be centrifugal force to overcome the local nether pressure and a balance between the centrifugal force and the nether pressure. A more massive vortex, to maintain the correct balance even for a short time, must (1) be filled in the middle (as opposed to the hollow electron center), and (2) have most of its nether movement in the form of a vector at right angles to the plane of the hole.
The tube which is called the "gluon" is held in together by the nether pressure which surrounds it. Otherwise, the centrifugal force of the vortex within it would cause it to spread outward.
Just as two hoses from two household vacuum cleaners would hold themselved together when placed "mouth-to-mouth", the two halves of the "gluon" maintain the short-lived integrity of the "gluon" by "kissing".
"Binding energy" is a term used to show the reduction of mass (M/t) which results when nether inflow into an entity is blocked in some manner. For instance, the air entering the two vacuum cleaner hoses is partly blocked when they are facing one another mouth-to-mouth. This means less mass of air entering the hoses. This reduction in air mass could be equated to the energy needed to hold the two hoses together and called "binding energy". In nuclear physics, binding energy is found by subtracting the combined masses of two joined subatomic particles from the sum of their masses when they are separate. The mass difference is converted to energy by the equation E = mc2. The result is "binding energy".
The quark plus its half of the gluon is what I have termed a "quarkon". It has a vortex direction that is the opposite of that of its mirror-image antiquarkon. However, when the two vortices "kiss", they are facing one another from opposing directions and their vortices are "in synch". This means that the vortices will be attempting to acquire the same volume of nether and there is a corresponding loss of mass (Mass flow) which is called "binding energy" and is a form of the nuclear strong force.
There is a positive pion which is formed by an up quark and a down antiquark, and a negative pion which is formed by a down quark and an up antiquark. Both of these pions are composed of vortices with rotations which are opposite to one another when they are facing. This means that the vortices are still "sucking", in a slightly different variation of the strong force, and still use "binding energy" - but they do not compete for the same volume of nether. The frictionless nether at their mouths simply slides over itself. More Mass is taken into the fourth dimension, so it appears that less binding energy is used when two vortices do not compete for the same volume of nether. Therefore, positive and negative pions have more mass (greater nether inflow) than neutral pions which are made of mirrored quarkons.
Pions - Back to Contents According to currently accepted theory, the gluon pulls at the quark and the antiquark of the pion to hold them together. This pull is constant regardless of the length of the gluon. The fact that the pull is constant is something that accepted theory has not explained. It would seem that the pull would be stronger as the gluon stretches.
In nether theory, there is no gluon. The gluon is merely two extended vortices. The quark and the antiquark are holes into the fourth dimension. These holes attempt to conserve energy by moving with a constant force in the direction that their mouths are pointed. This is a variation of the way a vorticle such as the electron does the same thing. Of course, there would be a constant force between the two holes of a pion and the length of the tunnel vortices would make no difference.
It is ironic that for a quarkon to exist as part of a pion, the long tunnel vortex (half gluon) must be maintained. Without a means of maintaining the tunnel vortex, the quarkon would cease to exist. Yet, when a pion is on its own, the quark and the antiquark tend to move toward one another, eliminating the tunnel vortices.
A Typical Pion A baryon is a three-quark composite. The proton and neutron are baryons which are also called nucleons. The proton is a stable baryon and the neutron is stable only when it is part of the nucleus of an atom.
According to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the quarks which form the proton are of three "colors" which are given either as red, yellow, and blue, or red, green, and blue (according to who is writing about them). The point is that the three colors of quarks make white which is the nature of a baryon. A blue quark cannot join with any other two to form a baryon unless the other two quarks are red and yellow. A yellow quark cannot join with any other two to form a baryon unless the other two quarks are blue and red. And a red quark cannot join with any other two to form a baryon unless the other two quarks are blue and yellow.
I believe that each color of quark depends upon a direction with respect to two other directions. The baryon is formed from three quarkons rather than quarks with gluons. The tunnel vortices of the quarkons must have their mouths joined at the baryon center, forming a figure like a tetrahedron with one point as the location of the three mouths and from which the tunnel vortices extend with each at approximately ninety degrees to the other two.
Such a figure would have the effect of sealing off nether inflow from all points except the area left open where the mouths converge and which is outside the tetrahedron. This configuration allows maximum nether flow into the three mouths. In the proton, there are two up quarkons and one down quarkon. Each individual quarkon can be of any color regardless of whether it is an up or a down, as long as there is one quarkon of each color in the composite (one red, one yellow, and one blue).
When two of the three tunnel-vortex mouths join, if the directions of their nether flows oppose one another, they cannot attempt to pull in the same volume of nether. If they do not oppose, they intermingle as if they were two circles of the same size in which the circumference of each passes through the center of the other. The points where the circumferences cross one another have exactly one-third of the total circumference of each between them. This causes one-third of the nether flow which acts as charge to be eliminated from each mouth.
The Proton - Back to Contents The accepted theory at this time is that the up quark has a charge of 2/3 and the down quark has a charge of -1/3. According to nether theory, the up quarkon has a charge of 1 and the down quarkon has a charge of -1. However, in the proton, the mouths of each up quarkon touch one another and also touch the mouth of the down quarkon. Where the two up quarkon mouths touch, there is no reduction of charge (opposite nether flow). Where the mouths of each touch the down quarkon mouth, there is a reduction of 1/3 of their charge, leaving them each with a charge of 2/3. The down quarkon charge is similarly reduced as it touches the two up quarkon mouths, so that 2/3 of its charge is gone, leaving it with a charge of only -1/3. The result is the same as if there were two up quarks with a charge of 2/3 each and a down quark with a charge of -1/3. Summing up, 2/3 + 2/3 - 1/3 = 1, which is the charge of the proton.
Where the three mouths touch, a major vortex is formed which is what accepted theory believes to be "glue". This vortex forms the bulk of the proton Mass. Because the quarkon mouths form in a modified triangular manner as seen from the open portion, there is a large area into which nether can flow. This allows far more flow than is the case with a pion where the quarkon mouths are pressed directly against one another. Therefore, the proton has a far greater mass (which is Mass flow) than the sum of the masses of three quarkons as seen in a pion.
The large resulting Mass flow of the large vortex of the proton is what gives it its charge of +1 and its spin of +1/2. In essence, the proton is an entity of three quarkons with their mouths converging so that their tunnel vortices extend at ninety degrees to one another with a large vortex formed where the nether enters the converging quarkon mouths.
Quarkons cannot exist for long in a pion or in a free state because (1) they must have the correct "impedance" of nether flow (that which is in a proton) to maintain their tunnel vortices, and (2) they must not be allowed to mutually annihilate as can happen with those in a pion.
The tetrahedron configuration of the quarkons in the proton is the only way for the quarkons to obtain the maximum amount of nether in any given length of time. It makes no difference which quarkon is in any particular position of the tetrahedron because the resulting large vortex will be the same in any case. This can be seen if you draw a picture of the quarkons and their tunnel vortices, and then mentally make them exchange positions.
Coriolis force, as we look upon it today, is caused by the inertia of a mass moving upon a surface which is rotating, or moving away or toward a surface which is rotating. It is the effect of inertia preventing a mass from accelerating to match the apparent change in linear velocity caused by rotational motion.
Meteorologists (weathermen) use it all the time because it is one of the chief reasons that our weather behaves as it does. An air mass moving within the northern hemisphere curves to the right. An air mass moving within the southern hemisphere curves to the left. The result is circular highs and lows rotating with winds sometimes as great as those found in tornadoes.
There is a law in at least our part of the universe in which simple stable vortices (the electron) must be negatively charged (the vortex started in a particular direction of rotation) and in which protons must be positively charged (the vortex started in the opposite direction of rotation). This law is caused by a form of coriolis force.
Bias: There is an "up/down" bias due to the fourth dimension which established matter in one direction of flow and antimatter in the opposite direction of flow. In meteorology, this is analogous to the up/down bias relative to the surface of earth.
Inertia: There is inertia of nether Mass which, in meteorology, is analogous to the mass of the air in our atmosphere.
Pressure: There is a nether pressure variation which causes motion and which, in meteorology, is analogous to the variation of pressure between highs and lows in our atmosphere.
The final ingredient: And there is a form of "jerk" which is a change in acceleration according to position in the universe. In meteorology, this is analogous to a change in velocity according to position on the surface of the earth.
Although I have not discovered which direction of rotation is which, we may use the accepted convention in electromagnetism to explain this. Looking upon the right-hand side of our universe from the "top", we would see a moving mass curve to the right. This is analogous to the curving path to the right of a mass of moving air in the northern hemisphere of our planet.
Electron/positron formation from the collision of two gamma rays is an event of high pressure and the resulting motion is to the right, making the electron vortex turn in a clockwise direction. The events which cause quarkon/antiquarkon creations are high pressure, and with more of a direct punch into the fourth dimension, so that both positive and negative vortices are formed (quarkons which have both clockwise and counterclockwise vortices). The way the quarkons form to make a proton causes the creation of a large "low pressure area" which must have counterclockwise rotation. So, a negative proton cannot exist as a form of matter and a positive proton cannot exist as a form of antimatter. Therefore, we have a universe (at least where we are within it) of negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons, and of positively charged anti-electrons (positrons) and negatively charged antiprotons.
In nether theory as seen at this time, the neutron is a proton joined with an electron. Neutrons cannot exist alone, but use electrons to form bonds with protons in atomic nuclei.
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Back
Whereas Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is a currently accepted theory on electromagnetism, QCD is a currently accepted theory to explain things called baryons and mesons. The previously mentioned pions are mesons (pi mesons). It is QCD which uses the three colors of quarks, antiquarks, and gluons.
The three colors of quarks have been explained previously, but there is more to QCD which can be explained at this point. First of all, in QCD, the tunnel vortices of the quarkons have been separated to form what is called gluons, leaving the quarks (holes) alone and without vortices.
There is a theorized thing called a glueball, analogous in nether theory to a separated tunnel vortex curled around so that its mouth is against its tail. If the tunnel vortex (half-gluon) can be made to do this, the resulting object is possible. It would have no charge, no mass in the sense that m = M/t (where M/t is Mass flow into the fourth dimension), but would have a lot of Mass (nether material) circulating within its own volume. Its angular momentum would be such that the effect of one "side" of it would cancel the effect of the other side, leaving it without any apparent angular momentum. The glueball would only exist temporarily.
The pion is an example of aligned color and anticolor charges. In QCD, the pion must be made of a red quark with a red antiquark, a yellow quark with a yellow antiquark, or a blue quark with a blue antiquark. Mixed marriages are not allowed.
It is obvious in nether theory that quarks and antiquarks must be aligned properly to have the effects that they do, so it is logical that color be the means of distinguishing alignment of quarkons. However, QCD has a number of problems due to the fact that it is diffult to see something that is merely a mathematical construct.
These paragraphs are intended to show how nether theory operates. To begin to understand the currently accepted theory of QCD, one should read the explanations in current-day physics books and the aforementioned article in Scientific American.
Pion - Proton - Color The term "mass" has been defined as equal to Mass/time. This was done because mass, as Mass/time, is what causes gravity. However, the neutrino and the tunnel vortex of the quarkon (and applicable anti-entities) have a form of Mass which is not mass.
Nether substance is "Mass", and the neutrino has Mass in the sense that it is ring of transverse Mass acceleration moving outward like a ripple on a pond. This Mass does not go into the fourth dimension.
The tunnel vortex is a whirling Mass which is held in by the pressure of the surrounding nether. However, the Mass of the tunnel vortex comes from its surrounding nether which moves into the tunnel vortex at its mouth. The Mass exits at the tail of the tunnel vortex which is a hole into the fourth dimension called a quark. The tunnel vortex without the quark cannot exist because the Mass has no exit point.
The tunnel vortex is part of a quarkon or antiquarkon. It would be rather Massive in the form of what some call a glueball (assuming there are glueballs). In this case, its tail and mouth would connected so that the nether inflow would go in a circle around the length of the glueball. However, the nether theory the glueball, which is a single tunnel vortex with its mouth on its tail, has no micro-gravity of its own, and no charge. It has spin in the sense of a spinning tube turned into a doughnut, but this kind of spin cancels itself out. [The theoretical glueball of currently accepted physics is a three-color monstrosity of curled gluons.] The glueball (if it exists) could not exist very long.
The tunnel vortex (misnamed "gluon") cannot exist alone for long, but for the time it exists, at its mouth there is charge, spin, and micro-gravity - because its mouth is like a common vortex. As part of the quarkon, it furnishes this entity's charge, spin, and micro-gravity.
Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain;
if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression,
they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity and tradition.
Milton
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